three branches

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Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland

Affirmed applied powers and the supremacy of federal law over state law.

Brown v. Board of Education

Declared public school segregation unconstitutional

Gideon v. Wrainwright

Guaranteed the right to legal counsel for felony defendants in state courts.

Miranda v. Arizona

Requires that criminal suspects be informed of their constitutional rights, including the right to remain silent, before police questioning.

Tinker v. Des Moines

Protected symbolic student speech in schools, such as wearing armbands, as long as it doesn't disrupt the educational environment.

Roe v. Wade

Rights to abortion

United States v. Nixon

Ruled that executive privilege is not absolute and that the President must comply with a subpoena in a criminal investigation.

Plessey v. Ferguson

Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine, which was later overturned by Brown v. Board of Education.