Setting of the Gospels Fran k Judd

Setting of the Gospels

Monarchy

After the days of David and Solomon, later Jews would long for what? …who would do what?

a descendent of david to restore the golory

What kinds of Israelites did the Assyrians deport? These Israelites are referred to as what?

aristocracy and educated. The lost 10 tribes of israel

What is the origin of the Samaritans?

descendents of the assyrian colonists who intermarried with the israelistes

What was the territory of the kingdom of Israel called?

Samaria

Exile and Return

What were reasons why Babylon deported conquered people?

no long had a homeland to defend and cause resistance

How did the Jews in Babylon respond to deportation?

resisted babylon influence and preserve their culture and religion

What was one negative result of zealous commitment to Judaism while in Babylon?

gentile phobia

What did Cyrus the Persian allow those people who had been deported by the Babylonians to do?

return

What was true of those Jews who returned from exile?

never had seen th eland

How did a majority of Babylonian Jews respond toward the Persian policy?

chose to stay

How were Jews in Babylon influenced by Babylonian culture?

language of aramaic replaced hebrew

f What language did Jesus grow up speaking?

aramaic

The Greek Period

What did Greek rulers do with their conquered peoples?

imposed greek language and culture

What is Hellenism?

Process where greek language and culture was imposed on conquered poeple

Hellenism primarily expressed itself in what two things?

language and culture

What was translated into Greek?

OT

What was written in Greek?

NT

What does “hellenize” mean?

make greek

In what ways did the Greeks “hellenize” the Jews?

adopted dress and cosial customs. Institutions and practices from the NT likes tenant farmers, tax collectors, moneylenders, custom officials and langowners who hired day laboreres

What does “Diaspora” refer to?

jews living outside the lands of judea

Who was the most famous Diaspora Jew?

saul of tarsus or apostle paul

Where was paul from?

tarsus

What did the Greek king Antiochus IV Epiphanes do with respect to Judaism and Jerusalem?

outlawed circumscion and no more jewish scripture and offered pigs on the temple altar to zeus. Banned judaism

The Maccabean Period

What did Mattathias do in response?

local priest killed greek soldier and began a rebelliion wiht his five sons.

Who succeeded Mattathias?

judah the son

What was the family name?

hasmon

Because of his military success, what was Judah called?

judah the maccabee (hammer)

The rededication of the temple is still commemorated in what Jewish festival? What does the word mean?

hanukkah, dedication

Simon, the last of the Hasmonean brothers, was established in what two leadership positions?

political and high priest

Although the Hasmonean family were what? …they were not from what?

legit priests but not the high priestly family of zadok.

What did John Hyrcanus do in Samaria? …in Idumea? How is the family of Herod connected to this?

attacked samaritans at shehem and destroyed samaritan temple on mt gerizim. In idumea he conqurede the tows and forced conversion. Herod was part of the forced conversions

Decline of the Hasmoneans & The Roman Period

Ironically, the Hasmonean rulers eventually became what? Give an example.

corrupt. Reinstated the sadducees as the religious authorities

Who was Pompey? What did he do in 63 B.C.? Why was he very disappointed?

Roman general entered Jerusalem with his arm. He was disappointed when the holy of holies was empty.

From this time forward, what was lost? …Judea was subject to whom?

ark of the covenant was lost. Subject to rome

Who was Antipater? Who was his son?

power behind hycranus II, his chief supporter. The idumeanar father of herod.

When Antipater died, his became what?

herod

When the Parthians invaded Palestine, what did Herod do? How did the Romans reward Herod?

was loyal. Crowned him king of the jews

Herod the Great and his Successors

Who did Herod marry? How was this marriage to his advantage? How was it to his disadvantage?

mariamne. Connection to the royal hasmonean family and strengthened his claim to the theone. His sons were more acceptable to the people than herod being part of the actual lineage

In what ways was Herod an admirable ruler?

politically. Strong athletic good warrior. buil t buildings and improved the temple.

In what ways was Herod a monster?

executed his own sons and wife

What terrible things did Herod do in Jericho just before his death?

tried to have executed 600 leading jewish familes so that his passing would be mourned. Killed eldest son

Who were Herod’s three surviving sons?

archelaus, antipas, and philip

Summarize how Herod’s kingdom was divided among them.

archelaus; juah and samaria. Antipas

Who was Pontius Pilate? He ruled over what areas? What kind of ruler was he?

vindictive, cruel, greedy, and stubborn. Roman gov during ministry of Jesus. Reuled judea and samaria

Who was Herod Agrippa I? He ruled over what areas? What did he do with James and with Peter?

grandson of herod. All lands ruled by herod. Executed james and peter to prison.

Who were Felix, Festus, and Herod Agrippa II? What happened between Paul and each of them?

felix; roman governor when paul was accused of bringing gentiles into temple courtyards and taken prisoner ot caesarea. Festus successed felic and was the governor for pauls famous appeal to rome and defense before herod agrippa II (the great grandson of herod) who was visiting festus

The First Jewish Revolt Against Rome

What did Roman governors do that led to the First Jewish Revolt?

robber private citizens, despoiled the tmpel, mismanaged civil affairs.

What did the Jewish leaders stop doing that began the rebellion? What did they do with the Roman soldiers who surrendered?

stopped offering temple sacrifices in behalf of th emperor. The soldiers were executed.

What did the Romans do with Jerusalem, its inhabitants, and the temple?

took jerusalem, killed or enslaved thousands, destroryed the tmple.

The Second (Bar Kokhba) Revolt Against Rome

Who led the second revolt? What was he also called? What does it mean? What did he claim?

simon bar kosiba, bar kokhba meaning son of ht star. Claimed to be messiah.

Who was Akiba? What did he say about Simon bar Kokhba’s claim?

influential rabbi supported bar kokhbas claim

What did the Emperor Hadrian do with Jerusalem after he conquered it? What did he name it?

rebuilt jerusalem and named it aelia capitolina

The Pharisees

Which of the Jewish denominations was most prominent and most popular?

pharisees

The word Pharisee comes from a Hebrew word for what? How did this apply to the Pharisees?

separate. Set apart by strict observance of the detailed requirements of the law of moses

Much of the Pharisees’ influence was due to what? What did the Pharisees claim about the oral law?

control of the oral law. Moses received a written and oral torah and it was preserved orally

What was Jesus’ attitude toward the oral law and the written law?

disagreed in principle with the oral law. Original intent he saw as good to prevent breaking the written law. Disapporoed of the oral laws the ustified poeple breaking the written law.

What does “build a fence around the law” mean? What was the original intent of the oral law?

prevent from getting close to breaking the law.

What did the Pharisees believe concerning angels, demons, the resurrection, the afterlife, and free agency?

believed in angels and demons, the resurrection and the afterlife. Believed God predetermined some things but humans were still held accountable for their actions.

The Pharisees controlled what Jewish institution

synagogues

? Pharisees were generally what? …rather than what?

scholars and preachers rather than priest.

Which Jewish denomination did Jesus have more in common with?

jesus ad more in common with the parisees than others

What were the political attitudes of the Pharisees?

mildl anti roman

What happened to the Pharisees after the First Jewish Revolt?

only jewish denomoination to survive intact

Modern Judaism is descended from whom?

pharisees

The Sadducees

The Sadducees were a small group of what?

wealthy and influential aristocrats

Most Sadducees were what?

priests

The word Sadducee comes from whose name? What do we know about this person?

zadok who was the high priest at the time of king solomon and whose descendants served as high priests.

The Sadducees controlled what Jewish institution? What did they receive from this institution?

temple. Revenues from sacrifices tithes. Wealth and power

The Sadducean high priest was the head of what organization? This made Sadducees prominent in what?

sanhedrin governing council of the jews. Prominent in government.

What were the political attitudes of the Sadducees? What benefits did Sadducees receive because of this?

cooperated with the romans to receive wealth and power from the temple and local government

What did the Sadducees believe about oral law, angels, demons, resurrection, afterlife, and free agency?

did not accept oral law, no angels and demons resurrectoin or life after death. Believed in free agency tho

What happened to the Sadducees after the First Jewish Revolt?

temple destroyed and many sadducees were killed as traitors by zealots. Ceasd to function as a powerful political and religious group

The Essenes

Who was third major Jewish denomination? Where did they live?

essenes in desert community shores of the dead sea called qumran.

What did the Essenes do with their religious writings during the First Jewish Revolt? When were they discovered and what are they now called?

buried their writings in caves they are the dead sea scrolls.

What did the Essenes believe about the Sadducean Jerusalem priesthood, the last days, and the Messiah?

illegitimate and corrupt. The last days were being lived in and messaih would soon come to establish kingdom and bring priesthood power.

How did the Essenes’ beliefs compare to those of the Pharisees?

similar in belief but more strict and rigorous

What did the Essenes believe about oral law, angels, demons, resurrection, afterlife, and free agency?

valid kind of oral law, in angels demons resurrectio and afterlife. Absolute predetermination and not free agency.

What doctrines and practices did Essenes have in common with early Christianity? Were they Christians?

common beliefs. Ritual immersion, necessity of receiving the HS. ritual meal of bread and wine. Leadership of 3 men and 12. Had an overseer who governed communities, temporal welfare, admission to community and common judge.

What happened to the Essenes after the First Jewish Revolt?

ceased to exist

The Zealots

Strictly speaking the Zealots should be considered a branch of what Jewish denomination? Why?

pharisees becuase theology was the same.

What were the Zealots’ attitudes toward Roman rule? What did the Zealots believe about their cause?

rabid nationalists resiting roman rule with arms. God would send them victory if they rose up.

What was the militant wing of the Zealots called? What does that name mean? What did they perform? Against whom? What was the result of the war they started?

sicarii. The daggers. Political assassination and violent acts against roman officals and collaborating jews (priests and scribes included).

The Samaritans

What is the origin of the Samaritans? What was true of the religion they practiced?

descendents of assyrians brought to israel who married jews there. Corrupted version of

What is the origin of the antagonism between Samaritans and Jews?

By the time of Jesus, how did most Jews consider Samaritans? Did Jesus have dealings with Samaritans?

rejected by jews. Only sleightly less clean that gentiles and not pure members of house of israel. Jesus dealt freely with them.

What did the Samaritans believe concerning the scriptures and the oral law of the Pharisees?

written yes oral no.