Module 5: Transcribing Connected Speech

What is transcribing connected speech different from?

Transcribing connected speech is different from transcribing speech in citation form.

What do diacritics specify?

Diacritics specify allophonic variation or supra-segmental variation related to phonemes or words.

What are the two kinds of modifications in connected speech?

segmental and suprasegmental.

What is segmental modification?

Segmental modification refers to changes in the phonemes themselves.

Name one modification method in segmental modifications.

assimilation.

What does assimilation mean?

Assimilation refers to adjacent phonemes influencing each other.

What is regressive assimilation?

is when a segment is modified in anticipation of an upcoming phoneme.

What is an example of regressive assimilation?

An example is 'was she' pronounced as /'wnzsi/.

What is progressive assimilation?

is when a segment is modified to accommodate a preceding phoneme.

Provide an example of progressive assimilation.

An example is 'beads' pronounced as /bidz/.

Provide an example of epenthesis.

An example of epenthesis is 'we own' pronounced as /wijoun/.

What is metathesis?

Metathesis is the transposition of sounds in an utterance.

Give an example of metathesis.

An example of metathesis is 'animal' pronounced as /remonǝl/.(aminal)

What is vowel reduction?

Vowel reduction involves replacing a non-neutral vowel with a neutral vowel.

What happens to tense vowels in vowel reduction?

Tense vowels are sometimes replaced with lax vowels.

Give an example of vowel reduction.

An example of vowel reduction is 'Excel' pronounced as /ǝk'sel/.

What is the difference between citation form and connected speech?

Citation form refers to the clear pronunciation of words in isolation, while connected speech is how words are pronounced in natural speech, often resulting in alterations.

What are diacritics in transcription?

Diacritics are modifiers used to indicate specific pronunciation features in phonetic transcriptions.

What is assimilation in connected speech?

Assimilation is when adjacent phonemes influence each other, leading to changes in their pronunciation.

What is regressive assimilation?

also known as anticipatory assimilation, occurs when a phoneme is influenced by a following phoneme.

What is progressive assimilation?

Progressive assimilation, or perseverative assimilation, happens when a phoneme is influenced by a preceding phoneme.

What is elision in connected speech?

to the omission of phonemes in connected speech, sometimes leading to simplified pronunciations.

What is haplology?

a specific type of elision where a sequence of similar syllables is reduced to a single syllable.

What is epenthesis?

is the insertion of additional phonemes into a word or utterance.

What is metathesis?

is the transposition or rearrangement of sounds in an utterance.

What is vowel reduction?

is the process of replacing a front or back vowel with a neutral vowel or a tense vowel with a lax vowel.

What is syllable stress?

refers to the emphasis placed on certain syllables within words, impacting how they are pronounced.

What is word stress in sentences?

sentences highlights the importance of certain words, which may vary based on speaker intent, context, function words, and contrastive stress.

What is intonation in connected speech?

to the variations in pitch while speaking, affecting meaning and structure of utterances.

What are tonic syllables?

the syllables within intonational phrases that carry the primary stress.

What does falling intonation indicate?

typically indicates a statement or completion of thought.

What does rising intonation indicate?

often signals a question or uncertainty.

What is tempo in speech?

to the pace of speech, influenced by phoneme duration, pauses, and junctures.