Lifespan Development Exam 2

learning disability

a child with a ___ has difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written langauuge, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling

attention defecit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a disability in which children consistently show one or more characteristics: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors

individualized education plan (IEP)

written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability

least restrictive environment (LRE)

a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disibility are educated

inclusion

educating a child with special educational needs full-time in the regular classroom

concrete operational stage

Piaget’s 3rd stage, 7-12 years, in this stage children can perform concrete operations and they can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples

Seriation

the concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length)

transivity

the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

working memory

closely related to short-term memory but places more emphasis on mental work. working memory is like a mental workbench, where individuals can manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and deciphering written and spoken language

neo-piagetians

developmentalists who have elaborated on Piaget’s theory, giving more emphasis to show how children use attention, memory, and strategies to process information

long term memory

a relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time

strategies

deliberate mental activities that improve the processing of information

elaboration

involves more extensive processing of the information, such as thinking of ecamples or relating the info to one’s life

thinking

involves manipulating and transforming information in memory

critical thinking

involves thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence

creative thinking

the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems

convergent thinking

produces one correct answer and characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence

divergent thinking

produces many different answeres on the same question and characterizes creativity

metacognition

cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing

intelligence

the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences

mental age

Binet’s measure of an individual’s level of mental development, compared with that of others

intelligence quotient (IQ)

a person’s mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 1-00

normal distribution

a symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range

traiarchic theory of intelligence

intelligence consists of 3 forms: analytical, creative, and practical

stereotype threat

the anxiety that one’s behavior might confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70, and has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life

organic intellectual disability

intellectual disability that is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage

cultural-familial intellectual disability

mental deficit in which no evidence of organic brain damage can be found; individuals’ IQs generally range from 50-70. Psychologists suspectt that such mental deficits result from the normal variation that distributes people along the range of intelligence scores combined with growin up in a below-average intellectual environment

giftedness

having an above average IQ (130 or higher) and or a superior talent for something

metalinguistic awareness

knowledge about language, such as knowing what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language

phonics approach

emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds

average children

children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers

care perspective

moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others

constructivist approach

a learner centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher

controversial children

frequently nominated as both someone’s best friend and as being disliked

conventional reasoning

the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but they are the standards of others, such as parents or the laws of society (morals follow societal norms).

direct instruction approach

a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent by students on learning tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum

perspective taking

the social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings

popular children

children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers

postconventional reasoning

the highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code

preconventional reasoning

the lowest level in Kohlberg’s thoery of moral development. The individual’s moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment

rejected children

Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers

self concept

domain-specific evaluations of the self (ex. athleticism, academics, appearance, etc.)

domain theory of moral development

theory that there are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These domains arise from children’s attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience

gender stereotypes

broad categories that reflect society’s impressions and beliefs about females and males

justice perspective

a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions

mindset

the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves. There are 2: growth and fixed

neglected children

infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

self-efficacy

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

self-esteem

the global evaluative dimension of the self. it is also referred to as self-worth or self-image

social conventional reasoning

thoughts about social consensus and convention (ex. raising your hand before speaking, not cutting in line, etc.), in contrast with moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder that involves relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation; includes a restriction in energy intake leading to low body weight, a presence of intense fear of gaining weight, and a disturbance in how body weight is recognized

adolescent egocentrism

the hieghtened self-conciousness of adolescents

amygdala

limbic structure especially involved in emotion

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder in which the individul consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern, periodically overeating and then engaging in self-induced vomiting or use of laxatives

corpus callousum

nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres, they thicken in adolescence to process information more effectively

gonads

testes in males and ovaries in females, are particularly important in giving rise to pubertal changes in the body

hormones

powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream

hypothalamus

a structure in the higher portion of the brain that monitors eating and s*x

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Piaget’s formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses about ways to solve problemsindo

imaginary audience

involves adolescents’ beliefs that others are as interested in them as they themselevs are; attention-getting behavior motivated by the desire to be noticed, visible, and “on stage”

limbic system

a lower, subcortical system in the brain that is the seat of emotions and experience of rewards

menarche

a girl’s first menstruation

personal fable

the part of adolescent egocentrism that involves the adolescent’s sense of uniqueness and invincibility (or invulnerability)

pituitary gland

important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands, including the gonads

clique

a small group that ranges from 2-12 individuals, and often consists of adolescents who engage in similar activities

commitment

Marcia’s term for the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in forming an identity

crisis

Marcia’s term for a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives

crowd

A larger group structure than a clique, a crowd is usually formed based on reputation, and members may or may not spend much time together

ethnic identity

An enduring, basic aspect of the self that includes a membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership

identity achievement

Marcia’s term for adolescents who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment

identity diffusion

Marcia’s term for adolescents who have not yet experienced a crisis (explored meaninful alternatives) or made any commitments

identity foreclosure

Marcia’s term for adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined

identity moratorium

Marcia’s term for adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined

juvenile delinquent

An adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal

racism

Discrimination, prejudicem or antagonism against a person or people based on their race or ethnic group.

rite of passage

a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another. Most focus on the transition to adult status.

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise — jogging, swimming, or cycling, for example—that stimulates heart and lung activity

emerging adulthood

a period of transition from adolescence to adulthood (approx. 18-25 yrs) that involves experimentation and exploration

extrinsic motivation

doing something to obtain something else (the activity is a means to an end)

grit

involves passion and persistence in achieving long-term goals

intrinsic motivation

involves the internal motivation to do something for its own sake (the activity is an end in itself

STIs

diseases that are primarily contracted through sexual relations