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Micro-level

Focuses on person-level interactions, individual representations, and conversations, e.g., changes in parent-child relationships.

Meso-level

Examines groups and 'embeddedness' contexts above the individual, such as organizations and universities, e.g., changes in occupational licensing.

Macro-level

Analyzes large-scale social contexts influencing social systems of countries and welfare states, e.g., changes in national school laws and participation.

Social Psychology

Studies how individuals perceive, think, behave, and influence others in social settings, focusing on attitudes, persuasion, and social influence.

Job Conditions

Signifies the link between social stratification and cognitive functioning through occupational differences, influencing values, behaviors, and life conditions.

Parent-child Relationships

Highlights how social class positions impact parental values, behaviors, and child upbringing, showcasing the connection between social structure and behavior.

Social Class

Defines groups with similar prestige positions, including lower class, working class, middle class, and elite class, differentiated by wealth and lineage.

Broken Window Theory

Suggests that disorder and neglect in an area lead to increased crime rates, emphasizing the impact of environmental cues on criminal behavior.

Karl Marx on Class

Focuses on the mode of production, class struggle, and the bourgeoisie exploiting the proletariat, leading to the collapse of capitalism and the establishment of a classless society.

Pierre Bourdieu's Concept of Class

Introduces cultural capital, social reproduction, and social and symbolic capital, emphasizing the role of cultural and symbolic domination in shaping social inequality.

Social Mobility

Refers to changes in socio-economic status over generations or a lifetime, including intergenerational, intragenerational, and structural mobility, measured by the EGP class scheme.

Social Reproduction

Describes the transmission of social structures and inequalities across generations, maintaining class divisions and influencing opportunities and outcomes based on socioeconomic status.

Social Structures

Systems that impact personality, values, self-concept, social orientations, and cognitive functions, shaping conditions in life.

Social Stratification

The division of society based on factors like job conditions, income, and living circumstances due to social structures.

Sociological social psychologists

Study how social structures and cultural norms influence individual attitudes, behaviors, and identities.

Kohn (1963) proposed that

People from different social classes perceive the world differently due to their life situations impacting their values and goals.

Subjectification of Social Structure

The process by which people's behaviors, perceptions, identity, and cultural norms are shaped by social structure.

Middle-class occupations

Involve the manipulation of ideas and symbols.

Working-class occupations

Involve the manipulation of things.

Knowledge Economy

Involves creating and offering goods and services that rely on knowledge-heavy activities.

Massification of education

The process of increasing access to education at the tertiary level to a larger segment of the population.

Tertiary-level education

Education beyond the secondary level, typically including colleges, universities, and vocational schools.

Subjectification of Social Structure

The process by which people's behaviors, perceptions, identity, and cultural norms are influenced by social structure.

Middle-class occupations

Involve the manipulation of ideas and symbols.

Working-class occupations

Involve the manipulation of things.

Credential Theory (Collins)

Degrees are used to justify and monopolize control in a stratified society.

Control Monopolization

The act of gaining exclusive control over resources or power, as discussed in Collins' theory of Credential Society.

Screening theory

A theory suggesting that education primarily signals a person's potential productivity in a job rather than enhancing their skills.

Education signaling

The concept that education serves as a signal of an individual's potential productivity in the workforce rather than directly improving their skills.

Social Control Theory

Theory developed by Hirschi to explain factors influencing individuals' engagement in delinquent behavior.

Attachment to Parents

A strong social bond that can reduce delinquency through increased involvement and supervision.

Peer Attachment

Young boys with strong parental attachment and high achievement rates are more likely to be attached to their peers.

Delinquent Group Membership

Seen as a result, not a cause, of delinquency.

Social Bonds and Peer Influence

Boys with strong social bonds are less likely to have delinquent peers, regardless of their friends' behavior.

Belief in Societal Norms

Beliefs in the moral validity of societal norms can influence delinquency rates.

Commitment to Education

A factor that can reduce delinquency by fostering respect for authority and supporting the law.

School Attachment

Attachment to school can decrease the likelihood of engaging in delinquent behaviors.

Academic Achievement

Higher aspirations and education levels are linked to lower delinquency rates.

Respect for Authority

Those who achieve more academically tend to like school better and respect authority.

Subjectification of Social Structure

The concept that people's behaviors, perceptions, identity, and cultural norms are shaped by social structure.

Merton's Social Strain Theory

Theory that examines the relationship between social structure and anomie, highlighting the significance of a balanced distribution of opportunities in preserving a stable social structure.

Lack of coordination between cultural and institutional means and goals can lead to…

Anomie, resulting in cultural chaos and decreased predictability in society.

Deviant behavior arises from…

A lack of opportunity and societal emphasis on certain symbols of success that are not equally accessible to all, leading to frustration and antisocial behavior.

Social learning theory (Akers)

Emphasizes differential association, definitions, reinforcement, and imitation in behavior.

Differential association

Focuses on interactions with groups providing exposure to definitions, models, and social reinforcement.

Reinforcement

Strengthens behavior through reward or loss of reward, like negative punishment.

Substance use

Example of behavior with more rewards, less punishment, and positive definitions among adolescents.

Young versus old crime patterns

Age-related differences in motivation and opportunity for different types of crime.

Crime peaks

The age range from ten to early twenties where criminal activity is at its highest.

Decreases drastically

The significant decline in criminal behavior after the early twenties.

Bourdieu's perspective on social class

Bourdieu sees social class as multidimensional, including economic, cultural, and social dimensions.

Chan and Goldthorpe's view on class

Chan and Goldthorpe believe that class is shaped by economic factors, particularly through the significance of occupations in determining social status.

Class Ceiling Effect

A barrier that restricts career advancement for individuals from working-class backgrounds.

Friedman and Laurison

Researchers who introduced the concept of the class ceiling effect.

Cultural Capital

Non-financial social assets including education, cultural knowledge, symbols, and linguistic skills.

Knowledge Economy

Involves creating and offering goods and services that rely on knowledge-heavy activities.

Bourdieu's Theory of Social Inequality

Social inequality is shaped by cultural and symbolic domination within social spaces, not solely by economic factors.

Social capital

Resources obtained through connections and group memberships.

Symbolic capital

The value assigned to resources such as social capital.

Prestige

Subjective hierarchical rating of status

Occupational prestige

The social standing linked to a specific job determined by subjective social value and respect assessments.

Prestige

Subjective hierarchical rating of status

Treiman constant

Suggests occupational prestige rankings are constant across countries and over time

Social stratification

The ranking of different groups in society as inferior or superior based on social worth.

Weber's idea of 'life chances'

Concept introduced by Weber to emphasize how social strata affect individuals' opportunities and experiences.

Socio-economic status (SES)

A person's position in society determined by factors such as education, occupation, income, and wealth.

Social mobility

The change in a person's socio-economic situation either from that of their parents or during their lifetime.

Intergenerational mobility

Upward and downward movement in social class status over different generations.

Intragenerational mobility

Upward and downward movement in social class status over an individual's lifetime.

Treiman constant

Suggests occupational prestige rankings are constant across countries and time.

Structural mobility

Refers to changes in social class sizes over time.

Social mobility

The ability of individuals or families to move within or between social strata.

EGP class scheme

A method of measuring social class developed by Erikson, Goldthorpe, and Portocarero.

Social stratification

The ranking of different groups in society as inferior or superior based on social worth.

Occupational prestige

The social standing linked to a job, determined by subjective social value and respect assessments.

Relative mobility

The chances for individuals to move to a specific social class based on their original social class.

Social reproduction

The process where social structures and inequalities are transmitted from one generation to the next, perpetuating existing class divisions.

Father-son differences

Often used to analyze social mobility and social class, focusing on disparities in class origin and class destination.

Social reproduction

The process of passing down social structures and inequalities from one generation to the next, sustaining class divisions in society.

Capital transmission

The transfer of economic, cultural, social, and symbolic capital from parents to children, which helps maintain social stratification.