Labs 14-19

what is the central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

neural tissue with cell bodies outside nervous system

job of the CNS

cognition

job of PNS

sensory info to CNS, motor commands to peripheral tissue

2 systems of the PNS

autonomic and somatic

• involuntary system

• regulates involuntary responses

autonomic

2 divisions of the autonomic system

sympathetic and parasympathetic

• voluntary

• connects the brain to the motor neurons

somatic

2 divisions of the somatic nervous system

afferent and efferent

what are afferent and efferent

sensory, motor

• prepares body for active responses

• “fight or flight”

sympathetic

• slows the body down allowing specific body functions to occur

• “rest and digest”

• kidney function and digestion

parasympathetic

transmit electrochemical signals throughout the body

neurons

support, protect, and nourish neurons

neuroglia / glial cells

neuroglia cells in the PNS

satellite and schwann

neuroglia in the CNS

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal

• common in the cerebellum

• large cells in the brain

• important in motor regulation

purkinje cell

dorsal vs ventral roots:

• sensory/afferent

• sensory info from receptors enters spinal cord and is sent to processing centers

dorsal/posterior

dorsal vs ventral roots:

• efferent/motor

• motor commands exit the spinal cord and are sent to their targets

ventral/anterior

what are the meninges

the 3 protective layers that cover the brain and spinal cord

what are the meninges (3 layers) called

dura, arachnoid, and pia mater

meninges:

• tough

• most superficial layer

• becomes epineurium to cover spinal cord

dura mater

meninges:

• middle layer

• named for spider web like appearance

arachnoid mater

meninges:

• deepest layer

• found directly on surface of brain/spinal cord

pia mater

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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olfactory l

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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optic ll

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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oculomotor lll

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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trochlear lV

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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trigeminal V

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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Adbucens Vl

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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facial Vll

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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vestibulocochlear Vlll

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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glossopharyngeal lX

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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Vagus X

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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accessory Xl

Which Cranial Nerve is it:

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hypoglossal Xll

What cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both: what is the memorization?

some say money matters by my brother says big brains matter more

where does the olfactory CN l pass through

cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

where does the optic CN ll pass through

optic canals and converge at optic chiasm

where does the oculomotor CN lll, trochlear CN lV, and Abducens CN Vl pass through

superior orbital fissure

where does the Trigeminal CN V pass through (has 3 divisions) - opthalmic

superior orbital fissure V1

where does the Trigeminal CN V pass through (has 3 divisions) - maxillary

foramen rotundum V2

where does the Trigeminal CN V pass through (has 3 divisions) - mandibular

foramen ovale V3

where does the facial CN Vll and vestibulocochlear Vlll pass through

internal acoustic meadus

where does the vagus CN X pass through

jugular foramen

where does the accessory CN Xl pass through

foramen magnum

where does the hypoglossal CN Xll pass through

hypoglossal canal

what does the oculomotor cn lll do

raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris, controlling lens shape

what does the trochlear cn lV do

directing eyeball

what does the abduens cn Vl do

moves eye laterally

what does the accessory cn Xl do

controls muscles of the neck and back

what are the gyri of the brain

raised folds of the brain

what are sulci / fiisures of the brain

depressions of the brain

what lobe of the brain is this:

• motor control and problem solving

• broca area (motor speech)

frontal

what lobe of the brain is this:

• primary somatic sensory cortex

parietal

what lobe of the brain is this:

• visual cortex

occipital

what lobe of the brain is this:

• primary auditory cortex

• olfactory and gustatory center

temporal

what are the 4 major arteries of the brain? - they do not penetrate the brain, they go around

right and left vertebral, right and left internal cartoid

where do the spinal nerves pass through

intervertebral foramina

receptor that detects: light

photoreceptor

receptor that detects: change in body temperature

thermoreceptor

receptor that detects: monitor changes in solute concentration

osmoreceptor

receptor that detects: detect changes in tension in joints

propioreceptors

receptor that detects: naked nerve endings in the skin

nociceptors/ pain receptors

receptor that detects: perceive mechanical stimuli

mechanoreceptors

receptor that detects: respond to changes in blood pressure

baroreceptors

receptor that detects: respond to chemical changes in enviornment

chemoreceptors

what touch receptor is this:

• light touch

• upper portion of the dermis

meissner’s corpuscles

what touch receptor is this:

• light touch

• upper dermis and lower epidermis

merkel disc

what touch receptor is this:

• found in light touch

receptors field

what touch receptor is this:

• sense pressure

pacinian corpuscles

Taste Buds: 5 primary tastes

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

which cranial nerves transmit the sense of taste

facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

what do the 3 ossicles do

transmit sound to the cochlea

what does the auditory tube do

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

what fluid is inside the bony labyrinth

perilymph

what fluid is inside the membranous labryrinth

endolymph

vestibule consists of 2 chambers

utricle and saccule

what are the 3 semicircular ducts

anterior, lateral, posterior semicircular duct

what CN inervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

abducens Vl

what CN inervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye

trochlear lV

what CN inervates the the other 4 eye muscles

oculomotor lll

color vision and visiual acuity

cones

shape of an object and vision in dim light

rods

what part of the endocrine system: maintains homeostais

hypothalamus

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

neurohypophysis

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

adenohypophysis

what part of the hypothalamus does direct release of hormones

neurohypophysis

what part of the hypothalamus has direct control by nervous system

adenohypophysis

pineal gland contains ? which produce ?

pinealocytes, melatonin

thyroid hormones are stored in the

colloid

gonads in testes and what does it produce

interstitial cells produce testosterone

gonads in ovaries and what do they produce

follicular cells produce estrogen, corpus luteum produce progestins