Pathophysiology Exam Questions

Pathophysiology Exam Flashcards

Etiology

The reasons and conditions for developing a disease.

Pathogenesis

The mechanisms of origin, course, and end of a disease.

Mechanism at the basis of developing DM type I

Autoimmune-provoked destruction of the β-cells.

Major mechanism for hyperketonemia in DM

Increased ketogenesis in the liver.

Hyperosmolar non-ketogenic coma is a complication of:

Non-insulin-dependent DM type II.

Hypoproteinemia is usually due to:

Decreased albumins.

Conditions for edema are present when:

Domination of the filtration force over the absorption force.

Vitamin D3 deficiency leads to:

Impaired intestinal calcium absorption.

Characteristic of respiratory acidosis

Increased РСО2.

The pathophysiological classification of hypoxia:

Hypoxic, hemic, circulatory, O2 utilization, mixed.

The main factors leading to blood clotting:

Changes in the endothelium, disturbance in the blood flow, changes in the composition of the blood.

The triggering factor for a thrombus formation is usually:

Damage to the endothelium.

Embolism

Blocking of a vessel by abnormal matter, travelling with the blood flow.

The most important outcome of alveolar hypoventilation

Respiratory acidosis.

A common complication in the advanced stages of COPD

Cor pulmonale chronicum.

Necessary for the development of cor pulmonale chronicum

Pulmonary hypertension.

Anemia

Reduced count of erythrocytes, haemoglobin in given amount of blood.

The pathogenetic classification of anemias

Haemorrhagic anemias, anemias due to impaired erythropoesis and haemolytic anemias.

The main pathogenetic factor in iron-deficient anemia

Impaired haemoglobin synthesis.

Pathognomonic sign of pernicious anaemia

Megaloblasts in the bone marrow and megalocytes in the peripheral blood.

Cooley’s anemia (Thalassemia major)

Genetic deffect in the synthesis of haemoglobin beta-chain.

The ethiology of leukoses is related to:

Ionizing radiation, RNA-viruses, Chromosome abnormalities, Exogenous and endogenous cancerogenic substances

The essence of myocardial ischemia

Mismatch between coronary blood flow and myocardial demands.

The main pathogenetic mechanism of stable angina pectoris

Increased oxygen requirements of the myocardium.

Acute myocardial infarction

Ischemic necrosis of the myocardium.

The main pathogenetic unit in myocardial infarction formation

Coronary thrombosis.

The most severe complication of acute myocardial infarction

Cardiogenic shock.

Main pathogenetic mechanism in cardiac tamponade

Impaired diastolic filling of the heart.

Pathophysiological manifestations of pericardial effusions

Diastolic dysfunction and central venous stasis.

In hypertension, systolic blood pressure is elevated when it is over:

140 mmHg.

In hypertension, diastolic blood pressure is elevated when it is over:

90 mmHg.

Which factors are able to increase systemic blood pressure?

Stroke volume of the heart, Cardiac output, Total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR).

What is the pathogenetic classification of arterial hypertension?

Essential and symptomatic.

Endocrine hypertension in pheochromocytoma is determined by:

Increased peripheral vascular resistance, Tachycardia with increased cardiac output, Increased Na+ and water retention in the body.

The term that identifies a factor that triggers an acute episode:

Precipitating factor

A disease arising from the activity (treatment, procedures or errors) of a physician:

Iatrogenic

Which is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Amaurosis fugax

Characteristics of metabolic syndrome

Dyslipidemia, intra-abdominal obesity, and insulin sensitivity

Clinical manifestations that differentiate myocardial infarction from angina pectoris

Radiating chest pain, ST-segment changes on the ECG, and elevated serum levels of troponin

Cardiac catheterization findings in a patient with mitral stenosis

Increased pressure in the left atria

The pathophysiologic phenomenon underlying disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Clotting that leads to bleeding

Type of shock caused by uncontrolled massive bleeding

Hypovolemic

What occurs with hypoventilation?

The PaCO2 exceeds 45 mmHg

Areas of the lung that have little ventilation and thus little oxygen will cause the blood vessels of that area to .

vasoconstrict

Carbon dioxide diffuses faster than oxygen; therefore problems with diffusion often affect the levels of first.

oxygen

Hereditary disease that may be responsible for emphysema in a 24-year-old male who presents with emphysema and has never smoked and does not get much exposure to secondhand smoke

1-Antitrypsin deficiency

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity

Pericardial effusion

Condition that occurs when blood cannot flow forward due to the orifice being constricted and narrowed, causing the pressure in the chamber to rise and the myocardium to work harder and eventually hypertrophy

Valvular stenosis

Orthopnea

Difficulty breaking while lying flat

Stools contain excess fat

Steatorrheic

Cause of hypertension is the most common in acute renal failure

Hypervolemia

Change that indicates recovery in a patient with nephrotic syndrome

Disappearance of protein from the urine

Diagnostic findings most likely for a client with aplastic anemia

Decreased levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

Pulmonary embolism is most closely related to:

Deep vein thrombosis

You expect a patient in the oliguric phase of renal failure to have a 24-hour urine output less than:

400 ml

Which one of the following is NOT a symptom of hypoxia?

Increased energy

Which of the following disorders results from a deficiency of factor VIII?

Hemophilia A

A predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is present in all of the following causes of jaundice, except:

Hemolysis

What important functions are affected by severe, acute, or chronic liver disease?

Blood clotting, Elimination of water, salt, drugs, and toxins from the body, Manufacture of blood proteins

Pigment gall bladder stones are commonly seen in all except:

Pernicious anemia

If insufficient PTH is produced, the blood calcium level drops, resulting in:

Tetany, where the body shakes from continuous muscle contraction

Iodine deficiency may result in:

Increased synthesis of thyroglobulin

Which of the following is an auto-immune condition of the thyroid?

Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves disease

A patient with a pituitary tumor that secretes a large amount of TSH would have which of the following features

Goiter

A person with Addison disease:

Is unable to replenish blood glucose levels under stressful conditions

Excess cortisol is represented by which condition?

Cushing’s syndrome

You are experiencing constipation, dry skin, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Which condition are you most likely experiencing?

Hypothyroidism

Diabetes insipidus, if left untreated, will rapidly develop into:

Dehydration