APUSH Spring Final Exam

The "New South"

segregation runs rampant, Jim Crowe laws are established; tenant farming & share cropping set up

Sharecropping

landowners provide resources to farmers in return for a portion of profits

Tenant farming

landowners rent land to a farmer who pays rent using a portion of their harvest

Ways African Americans were blocked from voting

poll taxes, literacy tests, intimidation, property requirements, the grandfather clause

Who were the 3 progressive presidents?

Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, & Woodrow Wilson

16th amendment

grants Congress the power to collect income taxes on individuals & corporations

17th amendment

Senators elected by popular vote from citizens

18th Amendment

forbids the production, sale, manufacturing, transportation, and consumption of alcohol

19th Amendment

gave women the right to vote; made it a constitutional right for all people to vote regardless of gender

monopolies

one company taking control of a majority of a market for a good in an area via horizontal & vertical integration

trusts

one company taking control of other smaller companies through stock ownership; looks like competing companies, but all have the same owner

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

stated government opposition to monopolies, prohibits conspiracies "in restraint of trade", "rule of reason" constitutes who is in violation; wanted to break up trusts & monopolies to protect competition

Meat Inspection Act

prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock

The Jungle

exposé on the meat packing industry that led to the meat inspection act & eventually the FDA; written by Upton Sinclair

Food and Drug Administration

established by the Pure Food and Drug Act to test & approve drugs before they go to market

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

makes it illegal for one person to sit on the board of directors for competing companies; expanded on the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Federal Reserve Act

aka Glass-Owens Act; created in 1913 to establish a central US bank to oversee all other banks & regulate money; all it does is determine the interest on loans taken out by banks

Volstead Act

no person shall "manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish, or possess any intoxicating liquor"; implemented the 18th amendment

The Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which a Tennessee teacher John Thomas Scopes was put on trial for teaching the "illegal material" of Darwins theory of evolution; he was defended by Clarence Darrow & prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan; debates over teaching science vs religious views (Christian); commonly called the "Monkey Trial"

Flappers

dancers who embraced female sexuality & young, energetic, & looking for a man; breakdown of Victorian ideals; popularized in movies, the beginning of "it girls"

Emergency Quota Act (1921)

restricted the number of European immigrants that could come to the US; 3% of an ethnic group could enter

Immigration Act of 1924

aka Johnson-Reed Act; federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country; favored Northern Europeans, reduced the number of Southern & Eastern Europeans, shut out Asian immigrants

cause of immigration restriction in the 1920s

brought about by growing nativism

1st New Deal

focused on establishing "alphabet agencies" for relief, reform, & recovery

2nd New Deal

mainly focused on major reforms

National Industrial Recovery Act

designed to get industries back on their feet by pumping cash into the economy to stimulate the job market & created codes that businesses must follow to maintain fair competition; created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), Section 7a (labor unions), & Public Works Administration (PWA)

1st Agricultural Adjustment Act

pays farmers not to grow (grow less) to decrease the amount of food in the market (increases prices); puts in place the processing tax; angers processors & caused the displacement of poor sharecroppers

2nd Agricultural Adjustment Act

increased government regulation of crop production & payments to farmers; similar to 1st AAA, but funded by the federal government instead of processing taxes

Bank Holiday

put in place by the Emergency Bank Act (recovery) that required all US banks to close their doors for federal investigation (audit)

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

established by the Glass-Steagall Act; banking reform that insured bank deposits w/ federal government money to prevent bank runs & bank bankruptcies

New Deal job-creating programs

Public Works Administration (PWA) for government infrastructure projects, Civil Works Administration (CWA) for local building projects, Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) for the development of national parks, Tenessee Valley Authority (TVA) for dam building along the Tennessee River, Works Progress Administration (WPA) later the Works Projects Administration

Frances Perkins

FDRs Secretary of Labor, and first female member of a presidential cabinet; advocated for workers rights

Huey Long

opposed FDRs New Deal bc it "didnt go far enough"; created the Share Our Wealth Society where "every man a king"; governor of Louisiana who taxed the wealthy & used money for infrastructure & education projects; set up to run for president but he was assassinated

Francis Townsend

believed the economy let down the elderly who lost their money in the depression; wanted to establish the Social Security program for retirement funds

Upton Sinclair

socialist who believed the government should confiscate unused property & people put to work on it to make money; started political campaign EPIC (end poverty in California)

Social Security Act

set up the social security program in which a portion of every workers salary is paid into for pensions for the retired and elderly and checks for unemployment and disability aid

Cash and Carry program

established to help keep US neutrality in WW2 so that any aid sent by the US to England must be paid for in cash & carried on English ships

Destroyers for Bases Deal

traded old US destroyer ships to England in exchange for the use of two naval bases previously controlled by England

Lend-Lease program

allowed England to borrow money to use to rent/lease US weapons

Jeanette Rankin

Congresswoman from Montana elected in 1916, voted no against the Declaration of War against Germany in 1917

Double V Campaign

launched by African Americans who wanted victory over the Axis & victory over racism at home (fair housing & equal employment)

Internment Camps

created by Executive Order 9066 out of fear of Japanese Americans being loyal to Japan post-WW2; required all Japanese Americans to relocate to these "camps"

Code Talkers

Native Americans contracted by the US government & allies to encode & send critical messages over airways; used sparingly to give fewer chances for the code to be broken

Zoot Suit Riots

US contracted Mexican men to work in west coast factories during the war, many of them wore "zoot suits"; US soldiers saw them & attacked the Mexican workers, leading to riots

Womens contributions to World War II

as the men went off to war, women began working in factories to produce products needed for the war

World War II technology

radar (warnings before bombing English cities), sonar (used to locate other ships), code-breaking

Cold War Presidents

Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, JFK, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush,

The Marshall Plan

US assistance to rebuild infrastructure in post-WW2 Europe

The Truman Doctrine (or Plan)

US providing political, military, & economic help to all countries threatened by communism

Containment

U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

George Kennan

American diplomat who created the Cold War "containment" policy

NSC-68

US document that formalized the idea of containing Soviet expansion, using military force if necessary & established the National Security Council

The New Look

Eisenhowers Cold War military strategy to contain & push out Communism by way of threat by US nuclear weapons

Federal Highway Act

biggest public works project in the US, authorized interstate highway building throughout the country

Cuban Revolution

successful communist revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959

Sputnik

Russian satellite that was the first in space, began the "Space Race"

Berlin Wall

the barrier between East & West by the Soviets to prevent people from defecting to the West; torn down in 1989; the main symbol of the Cold War

Cuban Missile Crisis

US discovering USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba in October of 1962, causing JFK to order a naval blockade; quickly resolved, but the closest the work came to an all-out nuclear war

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

overturned Plessy v. Ferguson & made segregation unconstitutional & illegal

Rosa Parks

refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man, triggering the Montgomery Bus Boycott & the National Civil Rights Movement

Montgomery Bus Boycott

followed the arrest of Rosa Parks & led by MLK; many people refused to use busses & this led to a Supreme Court decision that segregation of public transportation is illegal

Martin Luther King Jr.

US Baptist minister & civil rights leader who organized nonviolent protests against segregation & who created the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; assassinated in 1968

Little Rock Central High School integration

9 African American students were sent to a previously all-white school to begin desegregation, and mass protests occurred, ending with President Eisenhower sending military troops to walk the kids to school

Malcolm X

African American Muslim leader who advocated for civil rights but opposed MLKs nonviolence; he was assassinated in 1965

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed segregation and/or discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, voting, & public places & created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

The Voting Rights Act

banned literacy tests & provided federal registration to assure minority votes would be cast & registered

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

passed by Congress in 1964 in response to an incident during the Vietnam War that gave the president (LBJ) the power to use the military without a formal declaration of war by Congress; this escalated the war in Vietnam

Tet Offensive

major military operation by North Vietnam during the Vietnam War where they pushed into Saigon & captured the US Embassy; convinced the American people they were unable to win the war

Richard Nixon

Republican who was the voice of the "Silent Majority" (conservative white Republicans); authorized atrocious war crimes (My Lai Massacre, the bombing of Hanoi, etc.)

Watergate

Democratic National Comitties meeting was bugged to find out what candidate they would put to run against Nixon; Nixon ordered cover up when discovered; tape recordings of this were used to attempt to impeach Nixon, but he resigned first

Equal Rights Amendment

said that equality of rights cannot be denied based on sex; proposed in 1972 but failed to be ratified

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth & high employment while prices rise; seen in the 1970s under Nixon, Ford, & Carter

Oil shortage (the 1970s)

US supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War, angering the oil-rich nations of the Middle East that (led by Saudi Arabia) put an embargo on their oil; causing massive inflation in oil/gas prices & gas rationing

Iranian hostage crisis

revolution in Iran deposed the Shah & put Ayatollah Khomeini in place; in support, Islamic fundamentalists seized the US embassy & kept 52 Americans hostage for 444 days

Reaganomics (aka supply-side economics, trickle-down economics)

huge spending cuts for social programs & tax cuts for the wealthy; hoped that the wealthy will invest & create economic growth, more jobs, & a greater tax base; increase defense spending; does not work

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI, aka "Star Wars")

proposed by Reagan; called for a land or space-based shield against a nuclear attack; wanted to make a laser to shoot nukes out of the sky before they explode

1st Gulf War

a war against Iraq out of retaliation for their attempted invasion of Kuwait, a huge supplier of oil to the US; the US put on Operation Desert Storm, setting up military bases in Saudi Arabia

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; elimination of tariffs & trade restrictions between the US, Canada, & Mexico

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; established a global tribunal to coordinate international trade policy

9/11

series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the US; destruction of the Twin Towers & partial destruction of the Pentagon; led to George W. Bushs War on Terror; massive loss of life

Barack Obama

1st African American president; worked on fixing the healthcare issue; faced conservative backlash from the Tea Party Movement bc he raised taxes on the wealthy

Dr. Currans favorite president

Abraham Lincoln

Dr. Currans favorite movie

Casablanca

Places Dr. Curran has lived

Massachusetts, Indiana, Tennessee, Missouri