APUSH Spring Final Exam

%%The “New South”%%:: segregation runs rampant, Jim Crowe laws are established; tenant farming & share cropping set up
%%Sharecropping%%:: landowners provide resources to farmers in return for a portion of profits
%%Tenant farming%%:: landowners rent land to a farmer who pays rent using a portion of their harvest
%%Ways African Americans were blocked from voting%%:: poll taxes, literacy tests, intimidation, property requirements, the grandfather clause
%%Who were the 3 progressive presidents?%%:: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, & Woodrow Wilson
%%16th amendment%%:: grants Congress the power to collect income taxes on individuals & corporations
%%17th amendment%%:: Senators elected by popular vote from citizens
%%18th Amendment%%:: forbids the production, sale, manufacturing, transportation, and consumption of alcohol
%%19th amendment%%:: gave women the right to vote; made it a constitutional right for all people to vote regardless of gender
%%monopolies%%:: one company taking control of a majority of a market for a good in an area via horizontal & vertical integration
%%trusts%%:: one company taking control of other smaller companies through stock ownership; looks like competing companies, but all have the same owner
%%Sherman Anti-Trust Act%%:: stated government opposition to monopolies, prohibits conspiracies “in restraint of trade”, “rule of reason” constitutes who is in violation; wanted to break up trusts & monopolies to protect competition
%%Meat Inspection Act%%:: prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock
%%The Jungle%%:: exposé on the meat packing industry that led to the meat inspection act & eventually the FDA; written by Upton Sinclair
%%Food and Drug Administration%%:: established by the Pure Food and Drug Act to test & approve drugs before they go to market
%%Clayton Anti-Trust Act%%:: makes it illegal for one person to sit on the board of directors for competing companies; expanded on the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
%%Federal Reserve Act%%:: aka Glass-Owens Act; created in 1913 to establish a central US bank to oversee all other banks & regulate money; all it does is determine the interest on loans taken out by banks
%%Volstead Act%%:: no person shall “manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish, or possess any intoxicating liquor”; implemented the 18th amendment
%%The Scopes Trial%%:: 1925 court case in which a Tennessee teacher John Thomas Scopes was put on trial for teaching the “illegal material” of Darwin’s theory of evolution; he was defended by Clarence Darrow & prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan; debates over teaching science vs religious views (Christian); commonly called the “Monkey Trial”
%%Flappers%%:: dancers who embraced female sexuality & young, energetic, & looking for a man; breakdown of Victorian ideals; popularized in movies, the beginning of “it girls”
%%Emergency Quota Act (1921)%%:: restricted the number of European immigrants that could come to the US; 3% of an ethnic group could enter
%%Immigration Act of 1924%%:: aka Johnson-Reed Act; federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country; favored Northern Europeans, reduced the number of Southern & Eastern Europeans, shut out Asian immigrants
%%cause of immigration restriction in the 1920s%%:: brought about by growing nativism
%%1st New Deal%%:: focused on establishing “alphabet agencies” for relief, reform, & recovery
%%2nd New Deal%%:: mainly focused on major reforms
%%National Industrial Recovery Act%%:: designed to get industries back on their feet by pumping cash into the economy to stimulate the job market & created codes that businesses must follow to maintain fair competition; created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), Section 7a (labor unions), & Public Works Administration (PWA)
%%1st Agricultural Adjustment Act%%:: pays farmers not to grow (grow less) to decrease the amount of food in the market (increases prices); puts in place the processing tax; angers processors & caused the displacement of poor sharecroppers
%%2nd Agricultural Adjustment Act%%:: increased government regulation of crop production & payments to farmers; similar to 1st AAA, but funded by the federal government instead of processing taxes
%%Bank Holiday%%:: put in place by the Emergency Bank Act (recovery) that required all US banks to close their doors for federal investigation (audit)
%%Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)%%:: established by the Glass-Steagall Act; banking reform that insured bank deposits w/ federal government money to prevent bank runs & bank bankruptcies
%%New Deal job-creating programs%%:: Public Works Administration (PWA) for government infrastructure projects, Civil Works Administration (CWA) for local building projects, Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) for the development of national parks, Tenessee Valley Authority (TVA) for dam building along the Tennessee River, Works Progress Administration (WPA) later the Works Projects Administration
%%Frances Perkins%%:: FDR’s Secretary of Labor, and first female member of a presidential cabinet; advocated for worker’s rights
%%Huey Long%%:: opposed FDR’s New Deal bc it “didn’t go far enough”; created the Share Our Wealth Society where “every man a king”; governor of Louisiana who taxed the wealthy & used money for infrastructure & education projects; set up to run for president but he was assassinated
%%Francis Townsend%%:: believed the economy let down the elderly who lost their money in the depression; wanted to establish the Social Security program for retirement funds
%%Upton Sinclair%%:: socialist who believed the government should confiscate unused property & people put to work on it to make money; started political campaign EPIC (end poverty in California)
%%Social Security Act%%:: set up the social security program in which a portion of every worker’s salary is paid into for pensions for the retired and elderly and checks for unemployment and disability aid
%%Cash and Carry program%%:: established to help keep US neutrality in WW2 so that any aid sent by the US to England must be paid for in cash & carried on English ships
%%Destroyers for Bases Deal%%:: traded old US destroyer ships to England in exchange for the use of two naval bases previously controlled by England
%%Lend-Lease program%%:: allowed England to borrow money to use to rent/lease US weapons
%%Jeanette Rankin%%:: Congresswoman from Montana elected in 1916, voted no against the Declaration of War against Germany in 1917
%%Double V Campaign%%:: launched by African Americans who wanted victory over the Axis & victory over racism at home (fair housing & equal employment)
%%Internment Camps%%:: created by Executive Order 9066 out of fear of Japanese Americans being loyal to Japan post-WW2; required all Japanese Americans to relocate to these “camps”
%%Code Talkers%%:: Native Americans contracted by the US government & allies to encode & send critical messages over airways; used sparingly to give fewer chances for the code to be broken
%%Zoot Suit Riots%%:: US contracted Mexican men to work in west coast factories during the war, many of them wore “zoot suits”; US soldiers saw them & attacked the Mexican workers, leading to riots
%%Women’s contributions to World War II%%:: as the men went off to war, women began working in factories to produce products needed for the war
%%World War II technology%%:: radar (warnings before bombing English cities), sonar (used to locate other ships), code-breaking
%%Cold War Presidents%%:: Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, JFK, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush,
%%The Marshall Plan%%:: US assistance to rebuild infrastructure in post-WW2 Europe
%%The Truman Doctrine (or Plan)%%:: US providing political, military, & economic help to all countries threatened by communism
%%Containment%%:: U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances
%%George Kennan%%:: American diplomat who created the Cold War “containment” policy
%%NSC-68%%:: US document that formalized the idea of containing Soviet expansion, using military force if necessary & established the National Security Council
%%The New Look%%:: Eisenhower’s Cold War military strategy to contain & push out Communism by way of threat by US nuclear weapons
%%Federal Highway Act%%:: biggest public works project in the US, authorized interstate highway building throughout the country
%%Cuban Revolution%%:: successful communist revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959
%%Sputnik%%:: Russian satellite that was the first in space, began the “Space Race”
%%Berlin Wall%%:: the barrier between East & West by the Soviets to prevent people from defecting to the West; torn down in 1989; the main symbol of the Cold War
%%Cuban Missile Crisis%%:: US discovering USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba in October of 1962, causing JFK to order a naval blockade; quickly resolved, but the closest the work came to an all-out nuclear war
%%Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)%%:: overturned Plessy v. Ferguson & made segregation unconstitutional & illegal
%%Rosa Parks%%:: refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man, triggering the Montgomery Bus Boycott & the National Civil Rights Movement
%%Montgomery Bus Boycott%%:: followed the arrest of Rosa Parks & led by MLK; many people refused to use busses & this led to a Supreme Court decision that segregation of public transportation is illegal
%%Martin Luther King Jr.%%:: US Baptist minister & civil rights leader who organized nonviolent protests against segregation & who created the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; assassinated in 1968
%%Little Rock Central High School integration%%:: 9 African American students were sent to a previously all-white school to begin desegregation, and mass protests occurred, ending with President Eisenhower sending military troops to walk the kids to school
%%Malcolm X%%:: African American Muslim leader who advocated for civil rights but opposed MLK’s nonviolence; he was assassinated in 1965
%%The Civil Rights Act of 1964%%:: outlawed segregation and/or discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, voting, & public places & created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
%%The Voting Rights Act%%:: banned literacy tests & provided federal registration to assure minority votes would be cast & registered
%%Gulf of Tonkin Resolution%%:: passed by Congress in 1964 in response to an incident during the Vietnam War that gave the president (LBJ) the power to use the military without a formal declaration of war by Congress; this escalated the war in Vietnam
%%Tet Offensive%%:: major military operation by North Vietnam during the Vietnam War where they pushed into Saigon & captured the US Embassy; convinced the American people they were unable to win the war
%%Richard Nixon%%:: Republican who was the voice of the “Silent Majority” (conservative white Republicans); authorized atrocious war crimes (My Lai Massacre, the bombing of Hanoi, etc.) without Congressional approval to end the war in Vietnam with “honor”; supported detente in the Cold War; president when Roe v. Wade occurred; resigned after impeding impeachment bc of Watergate Scandal
%%Watergate%%:: Democratic National Comittie’s meeting was bugged to find out what candidate they would put to run against Nixon; Nixon ordered cover up when discovered; tape recordings of this were used to attempt to impeach Nixon, but he resigned first
%%Equal Rights Amendment%%:: said that equality of rights cannot be denied based on sex; proposed in 1972 but failed to be ratified
%%Stagflation%%:: a period of slow economic growth & high employment while prices rise; seen in the 1970s under Nixon, Ford, & Carter
%%Oil shortage (the 1970s)%%:: US supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War, angering the oil-rich nations of the Middle East that (led by Saudi Arabia) put an embargo on their oil; causing massive inflation in oil/gas prices & gas rationing
%%Iranian hostage crisis%%:: revolution in Iran deposed the Shah & put Ayatollah Khomeini in place; in support, Islamic fundamentalists seized the US embassy & kept 52 Americans hostage for 444 days
%%Reaganomics (aka supply-side economics, trickle-down economics)%%:: huge spending cuts for social programs & tax cuts for the wealthy; hoped that the wealthy will invest & create economic growth, more jobs, & a greater tax base; increase defense spending; does not work

%%Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI, aka “Star Wars”)%%:: proposed by Reagan; called for a land or space-based shield against a nuclear attack; wanted to make a laser to shoot nukes out of the sky before they explode

%%1st Gulf War%%:: a war against Iraq out of retaliation for their attempted invasion of Kuwait, a huge supplier of oil to the US; the US put on Operation Desert Storm, setting up military bases in Saudi Arabia
%%NAFTA%%:: North American Free Trade Agreement; elimination of tariffs & trade restrictions between the US, Canada, & Mexico
%%GATT%%:: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; established a global tribunal to coordinate international trade policy
%%9/11%%:: series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the US; destruction of the Twin Towers & partial destruction of the Pentagon; led to George W. Bush’s War on Terror; massive loss of life
%%Barack Obama%%:: 1st African American president; worked on fixing the healthcare issue; faced conservative backlash from the Tea Party Movement bc he raised taxes on the wealthy
%%Dr. Curran’s favorite president%%:: Abraham Lincoln
%%Dr. Curran’s favorite movie%%:: Casablanca
%%Places Dr. Curran has lived%%:: Massachusetts, Indiana, Tennessee, Missouri