AP Human Unit 5 Vocab part 2

Agricultural Revolutions

A period of technological improvement and increased Crop productivity in the 18-19th century

Animal Husbandry

An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as horses, cattle, sheep, and goats

Aquaculture

The use of River segments or artificial bodies of water for the raising and harvesting of food products like fish, shellfish, and seaweed

Bid-Rent Theory

The economic/geographical theory that land prices decrease as they get further from the market

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants/animals, or to develop microorganisms

Blue Revolution

The time of intensive growth in the worldwide aquaculture industry from the mid-1960s to present day

Capital-intensive Agriculture

A form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods with little human labor

Carrying capacity

The largest number of people the environment in a region can support

Columbian Exchange

Trade between the “New world“(The Americas) and the “Old world“ (Europe, Asia). Things like plants, animals, diseases, and technology were spread

Commercial agricultural economy

All agricultural activity generated for the purpose of selling, not for local consumption

Commodity chain

The process used by corporations to gather resources and turn them into goods and then transport them to consumers

Community-supported agriculture

A system that connects the farmers and consumers within the food system more closely by allowing the consumer to support the harvest of a certain farm or group of farms

Dairying

An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, like cows and goats, for dairy products like milk, cheese, and butter.

Deforestation

The action of clearing a wide area of trees

Domestication

The conscious manipulation of plants and animal species by humans in order to sustain themselves

The Enclosure Act

A series of laws enacted by the British government that protect farmland and prevent it from being sold into other use

Farmland Protection Policies

policies that prevent farmland from being sold into other use

Feedlots

Places where livestock are concentrated in a small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains to prepare them for slaughter

Fertilizer

A chemical or natural substance that increases soil fertility

Food desert

An area that has limited access to fresh, nutritious food

Food insecurity

The state of being without reliable access to enough affordable and nutritious food

Genetically modified foods

Foods that are products of organisms that have had their genes altered by humans (GMOs)

High-yield seeds

Crops that produce more food per farming cycle than wild varieties

Hybridization

The process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics

Infrastructure

Includes roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, electrical grids, sewers, telecommunication, etc. of a country

Irrigation

Bringing water for crops from a distance using canals, ditches, hoses or machines

Labor-intensive agriculture

A type of agriculture that requires high levels of manual labor

Local food movement

sales of foods and demand for food at local farmers markets across the US has increased in recent years

Long lot

A type of land surveying technique used by the French where plots of land are perpendicular to a river or transportation route to provide equal access

Luxury crops

Crops not essential for human survival but have high profit margins

Mechanization

Replacing human labor with machines and technology

Metes and bounds system

A method of surveying land, using physical features on the landscape to define boundaries. Results in irregular shaped plots of land

Monoculture

The commercial growing of only one crop

Neolithic Revolution

Started 12000 years ago with the first seed farming and use of animals

Nomadic herding

management of animals into large groups or herds for the production of food and other resources the animal can provide

Planned agricultural economy

An agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution

Plantation Farming

Uses unfair wages and can be tied with present day slave labor, typically in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Latin America, Africa, and Asia

Subsistence Agricultural Economy

A farm economy in which most crops are grown for nearly exclusive family or local consumption

Organic farming

A natural approach to farming using biological diversity to fight off pests and not use pesticides or fertilizers, results in lower yields but has health and environmental benefits

Pesticides

Chemicals used to kill pests, like insects

Salinization

Process where water evaporates from the soil quickly, leaving behind large amounts of salt that make the soil infertile

Second Agricultural Revolution

Occurred mainly on the industrial revolution in MDCs, people started moving to cities while farmers invented tools and machines to aid in farming

Specialty crops

Crops that are produced, usually in developing countries, for export

Subsidies

Government financial support

Terrace Farming

Used in hilly or mountainous landscapes, farmers create “steps“ on the hills that store water, common in southeast Asia

Third Agricultural Revolution

Occurred in the 1950’s-60’s, when chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and new irrigation practices diffused to LDCs. Hybrid seeds, GMOs, etc. also appeared around this time. Also known as the Green revolution

Urban Farming

The process of cultivating, processing, and distributing crops in or around urban areas

Value Added specialty crops

Goods that have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and able to sell for higher prices

Wetland Draining

Clearing water from wetlands/swamps to make the land accessible for farming.