History Unit 2 Exam: 1815-1913

Civil War

• Southern vs Northern American states b/c states had too much power

• Canada supported the South and the North was mad

• Pressured Canada to unionize

York

Old Capital of Upper Canada

St. Alban’s Raid

• Confederate soldiers attacked bank in Vermont and escaped to Canada

• Canadians fascinated by them and “helped” them and let them go

• Angered northern U.S.

Manifest Destiny

U.S. was destined by God to control all of North America

Fenian Raids

• 1859 + 1866

• American Irish raids to capture British Canada in revenge for England’s invasion of Ireland

• Failed, but showed that Canada had to become unified

Reform

• A way to make change occur slowly

• Series of small changes that add up to a significant change over time

• Least impactful and works within the same political system

Rebellion

• More combative stance

• Strong protest until something gets changed and can involve violence

• Groups of people rising up against some injustice

• Leads to new awareness of and consensus around the need for change

• Large scale violence directed against the state by its own civilian

• Change government or some of its policies but not the society itself

Charlottetown Conference

• 1864

• Discuss Maritime union → turned into talks about a country wide union

Seigneurs

• Landlords for farmers

• Farmers had to turn over a percentage of the harvest

• Acted like they had absolute authority over the farmers

  • sold and transferred land at extremely high prices through illegal contracts

William Lyon Mackenzie

• First angry man

• Editor of “The Colonial Advocate” —> newspaper that provoke and irritate the powerful; voice of the people

• Scorned colony’s leaders

  • thinks they are bigoted and without morals: “family compact”

  • identifies them, exposes their family connections, and published their income

• Goes into politics

• Assembles discontented—> member of assembly and mayor of Toronto by 1835

• Makes “7th Report of Grievences”

• Supporters train with weapons

• His meeting place, Montgomery’s Tavern, is burned by British and Mackenzie flees to the United States

Joseph Howe

• Second angry man

• Editor of “The Novascotian”

• Son of loyalist and is against elite

• Accuses elite of stealing public money

• Put on trial but aquitted

• Goes into politics

• Elected to the assembly in 1836 and also makes list for political change

• Doesn’t go as far as M or P b/c he still wants to be a British subject and does not want independence

• Says rich kids are no better than poor kids—> participates in duel with rich guy

• 1847 his part wins Nova Scotia election and becomes the first responsible government in the colonies of the British Empire

• Only angry man left and becomes champion of the railway, symbol of the industrial revolution, and symbol of a new nation westward

Louis Papineau

• Controls large but powerless legislative assembly in Quebec City

• Advocates American style democracy

• Expresses outrage to governor at the deaths by the guns of those who were supposed to protect the people

• Demands more power for the Patriote's’ assembly and insist that the hated legislative councilbe elected by popular vote

• Makes “92 Revolutions”

• 5000 gathered at St. Charles to hear him: calls for people to elect their own officials to set up an alternate government

• Exiled to U.S

Patriotes

Party of the poor people—> made up of French and Irish immigrants who distrust British authority

• election lasted 22 days and everyone had to claim allegiances publicly

• Patriote wins by 3 votes and a fight breaks out and the British guards kill 3 French Canadians

• Drew up list of grievances called the “92 Resolutions”

  • Rejected and moved toward open defiance of government

English Party

Rich people party

• John Molsen thinks the English are oppressed

92 Resolutions

• 1834 list of grievances sent to London’s government

• Patriotes control assembly but have no real power

• Papineau demands more power for the assembly and insists that the hated legislative council be elected by popular vote

McGill

President of the Bank of Montreal

• speaks to 4000 and gives warning to Patriotes

Lord Durham’s Report

• Governor general

• Frees 150 prisoners in exchange for 8 leaders pleading guilty—> exiled to Burmuda and Patriote leaders in the U.S. are banished for life

  • Returns to England 5 months later for exceeding his powers in exiling Patriote leaders without trials

• Submits report in 1839 and believes that strengthening the people is the answer

  • Accepts one of the reformer’s central demands: governor’s advisors, the men who actually run the gov., should have the support of the elected assembly

  • Sees racism between English and French in Lower Canada

  • Proposes unity between 2 Canadas so that the French members of parliament will always be iin minority

  • Believes assimilation would benefit the French because they have no history of literature

Baldwin

• Lawyer and son of Toronto’s richest family

• Sends letter to propose an alliance with the Lower Canad Patriote in order to command a majority in the new House of Assembly

• Letter goes to one of the few leaders that aren’t exiled: Lafontaine

• Proposal outlines a union of Lower and upper Canada in the Assembly

• Wins in a French riding one year after Lafontaine wins in an English riding

• Works with L to lead a government run by the people’s elected representative

Lafontaine

• One of the few Patriote leaders left

• Runs for election but the polling station in English village has mob waiting for him—> withdraws name in order to avoid bloodshed and Baldwin gets him to run in his father’s riding of North York—> he wins

• Works with B to lead a government run by the people’s elected representative

• Gets B’s support in restoring the French language in parliament

Lord Elgin

• Gov. General

• Accepts the Rebellion Losses Bill

  • Approval will make English angry for rewarding traitors

  • Rejection will undermine responsible government

• Angry English mob burns parliament

• Bill accepted = London’s confirmation that the colonists can make their own decisions from now on

Rep by pop

• George Brown Advocated

• Representation in legislature should be according to population

  • Unfair to French and low populated regions

George Etienne Cartier

• East

• Worked with Macdonald to basically write constituion

• Showed French and Canadian can work together

John A. Macdonald

• West

• Worked with Cartier to basically write constitution

• Showed French and Canadian can work together

• 1867 newly elected PM and powerful Quebec ally Cartier at his side

Confederation

• Union of Canada

• Pressures

• Brit suppored —> was tired of supporting all of its colonies

• Causes: Political deadlock, economic (no U.S., reciprocity, no free trade with Britain, trade barriers between colonies, need railway), and U.S. (Civil War, Fenian raids, Manifest Destiny, Railway to transport troops)

• 1867

Revolution

• Creating a complete change in the way things are done

• Can involve violence

• Sudden and great change —> esp. violent change of a system of government

• Overthrowing current situation

• Opposite of reform —> overthrows current system rather than working within it

Quebec Conference

• 1864

• National and provincial levels of gov—> Central Gov: Commons and Senate; how country should be run; more power to central gov to prevent civil war

BNA Act

• London Conference 1866

• Constitution act

• 1867 BNA Act made the Dominion of Canada—> ON, QC, NB, and NS

Corn Laws

• lower import duty on wheat and grain from British colonies to Britain

• Repealed in 1846

• Canada did not have special treatment for its product with Britain

• Caused a recession and Canada began to think about trade with U.S.

Railway scandal

• Cozy relationship between government and railway for 25 years

• Railway bailed out politicians with money

• 1872 scandal brekas out and 1873 in every newspaper

• Macdonald flees and reappears in parliament and deliveres powerful speaech

• Liberals (opposition) win next election

Thomas Scott

• Ontario Orangeman

• Captured by Riel in Ft. Garry

• Taunted Metis Guard and threatened to kill Riel if he gets out

• Convicted and sentences to death

• March 4, 1870 shot and killed—> firing squad

• Ontario is furious but Riel does not apologize

Louis Riel

• Key figure in the Red River and NorthWest rebellions

• Leader of Metis in Red River

• Leader of provisional government

• Riel not granted amnesty for execution of Thomas Scott

• Riel escapes, moves palce to place, and settles in Montana where he marries and has 2 kids

• After returning from exile, he tries to recruit settlers

• Dives deeper into his faith and believes he is God’s instrument in saving the Metis

• Calls himself “Prophet of the New World”—> Megalomania

• Riel convinced that Ottowa won’t take peaceful negotiations seriously and delcares independent Metis state with Batoche as capital

• Duck Lake battle—> Metis win and English settlers allied with Riel leave b/c they didn’t agree to armed conflict

• NW rebellion ends with Riel’s surrender

• Executed in Regina

Batoche

• Independent Metis State with Batoche as capital

• Battle of Batoche —> NW Rebellion

• Fish creak—> Dumont’s forces ambush the marching troops—> Metis victory and Middleton chose to stall his march towards Batoche

• Troops travelling to Battleford attacked Chief Poundmaker’s camp

• When Canadian troops reach Batoche they outnumber the Metis more than 3 to 1—> Metis hold their ground for 3 days —> Riel surrenders 3 days later

Gabriel Dumont

• Military leader of Metis while Riel was away

• Believes Riel would make best leader

Indian Act

• Declared all aboriginals to be wards of the state

  • Gov. will provide everything

  • Cuases loss of will to live —> lose culture and identity

  • Government can manipulate Indians w food

Duck Lake

• Riel’s negotiations keeps getting ignored by Macdonald and Ottowa

• Battle breaks out

  • 200 Metis and several FN vs. 100 RCMP and vicilian volunteers

  • Metis victory with 3 police and 9 civilian volunteers killed

• English settlers allied with Riel leave because they didn’t agree to armed conflict

Frog Lake

• Macdonald knows that the well armed Blackfoot and chief Crowfoot is being recruited by Riel

• News of Duck Lake victory spreads throughout the Northwest

• Next conflict occurs at Frog Lake

  • Young Cree war band goes against chief Big Bear and heads to the settlement

  • Refused food and raid it, killing 9 settleres

• Volunteer soldiers of Canada’s first national army head to the railway and travel west

• Crowfoot, with more food and knowing the number of soldiers coming, decides not to rebel

Ft. Battleford

• General leading volunteer troops is Middleton who sends a small group of troops to Fort Battleford

• Attacked Chief Poundmaker’s camp, but the chief refused to fight back to prevent further bloodshed

Wilfred Laurier

• Great Compromiser

• Son of Quebec Surveyor, studied law at McGill, elected to parliament

• First French Prime Minister in 1896

• Forged a vision that French and english could work together

• Convinced Premier Greenway of Manitoba to compromise to solve issue of French Language

• Laurier is chosen to ride behind the Queen in the royal procession—> returns to canada as Sir Wilfred Laurier

• 1899 Boer War in South Africa—> Laurier does not want to support, but English forces him to compromise, he decides to send volunteer troops, paid for by Britain

• Promises 2 new provinces if reelected: Alberta and Saskatchewan

• Negotiates reciprocity with the U.S., free trade on natural products

• Forms Canada’s first Navy—> operated by Canadians and available to Britain only in an Emergency

• Defeated by Robert Borden

Head tax

• In the 1880’s, 15000 Chinese come to build the most difficult and dangerous sections of the CPR—> one Chinese worker died for every mile of track laid between Vancouver and the Rockies

• When the rail is complete, the now-unemployed workers moved into emerging Chinatowns

• In an effort to halt the continuous Chinese Immigration, the Canadian government imposes an entry fee: $50 head tax

  • Later increased to $500

• Growing opposition to immigration forms the Asiatic Exclusion League

• In the 1920’s Chinese immigration is banned for 25 years

Prohibition

1920s when the United States prohibited the production, import, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages.