Medical Interventions 1.1 Quiz

Identify medical interventions

Any measure whose purpose is to improve health or alter the course of disease.

Identify and describe general information about the case

Sue is a biology major and she reports having headache and has not been getting enough sleep and has reported having a fever. A lot of other people in the same college have been reporting similar symptoms including her roommate Jill. There was DNA sequencing done to determine what Sue was infected with and it was detected that she had Nesierria Meningitis

Explain how DNA analysis can identify specific pathogens

It identifies specific pathogens by isolating and sequencing DNA because every organism has a unique genetic sequence

Identify and describe the steps to involved in DNA sequencing

1) collecting a sample that may contain pathogen DNA

2) isolating and purifying the DNA

3) using PCR and primers to the target DNA region

4) performing a sequencing reaction to generate nucleotide fragments

5) reading the nucleotide sequence

6) using bioinformatics to analyze the sequence and identify the pathoge

Explain the role of the BLAST site In DNA sequencing

The BLAST site compares the unknown DNA sequence to a large database of known genetic sequence and identifies close matches

Explain why knowing the concentration of antigens/antibodies in a sample is useful

The concentration of antigens and antibodies in a sample is useful because it helps determine the stage and severity of an infection.

Explain how antibodies work

Antibodies work by specifically binding to antigens which are molecules on the surface of pathogens and it neutralizes the pathogen directly for destruction by other immune system cells.

Identify tube dilutions, final diutions, and concentrations of samples in a serial dilution

The tube dilutions is made in a single step by adding 1 part sample to 9 parts solvent for a 1:10 dilution. The final solution is the commutative dilution after multiple steps. The concentration of the sample is found by multiplying the intiial concentration by the final dilution factor.

Describe the general process of and uses of an ELISA test

Antigens and antibodies from a patients sample are placed into wells. Enzyme linked antibodies are added and bind to the target antigen or antibody. A substrate is added and if the target is present then the color changes and indicates the concentration of the antigen or antibody.

Pathogen

The infectious agent or germ, identifying the involved pathogen is crucial to stopping the spread of the disease and to providing proper treatment to those who are affected

Outbreak

A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease

Primers

Short pieces of DNA or RNA that are complemntary to a section of template strand and act as a attachment and starting point for the synthesis strand during DNA replication

Bioinformatics

collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computer (especially in molecular genetics and genomics)

Genome

The complement of an organisms genes; an organisms genetic material

Concentration

The amount of a specified substance in a unit amount of another substance

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances which can be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of them

Solvent

A substance, usually a liquid, capable of dissolving another substance

Solute

A substance dissolved in another substance

Serial Dilution

A stepwise dilution of a substance in solution

Antibody

A protein secreted by plasma cells that binds toa particular antigen and marks it for elimination

ELISA Test

Enzyme-linked immonusorbent assay. A test material is absorbed on a surface and exposed either to a complex of an enzyme linked to an antibody specific for the antigen or an enzyme linked to an anti-immunoglobulin specific for the antibody

Enzyme

A protein serving as a catalyst; a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works

Antigen

A foreign macromolecule that does not being to the host organism and elicits an immune response