Comprehensive Reviewer – Key Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering key psychologists, laws, linguistic theories, literary forms, scientific terms, and educational concepts from the lecture notes.

Proclamation No. 186

Declares August 13–19 as Linggo ng Wika (Language Week) in honor of President Manuel L. Quezon.

Proclamation No. 1041

Declares the entire month of August as Buwan ng Wika (Language Month) under President Fidel V. Ramos.

Republic Act 1079

Removes the limit on the validity period of Civil Service eligibility.

Republic Act 6655

The “Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988,” providing free tuition in public high schools.

Republic Act 6728

Law granting government assistance to students and teachers in private education.

Republic Act 7277

The Magna Carta for Persons with Disability (PWD).

Republic Act 7610

Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation & Discrimination Act (Anti-Child Abuse Law).

Republic Act 7743

Mandates the establishment of public libraries and barangay reading centers.

Republic Act 7877

The “Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995.”

Republic Act 7880

The “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act” governing school-building funds.

Republic Act 8049

The Anti-Hazing Law regulating initiation rites.

Republic Act 8187

The Paternity Leave Act granting seven days leave to married male employees for childbirth.

Republic Act 10627

The Anti-Bullying Act of 2013.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher who advocated education for all and the Golden Rule.

Edward Thorndike

Psychologist known for Connectionism and the Law of Effect.

Erik Erikson

Proposed the eight-stage Psychosocial Development Theory.

Ivan Pavlov

Physiologist famous for Classical Conditioning experiments with dogs.

Jean Piaget

Developed the four-stage Cognitive Development Theory.

Friedrich Froebel

German educator hailed as the Father of Kindergarten.

Johann Pestalozzi

Swiss educator who emphasized realia; mentor to Froebel.

Jerome Bruner

Formulated Instrumental Conceptualism and the three Modes of Representation.

John Dewey

Philosopher of progressive education; promoted “learning by doing.”

John Locke

Proposed the idea of Tabula Rasa (blank slate).

Wolfgang Köhler

Gestalt psychologist noted for Insight Learning with ape experiments.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Outlined the six-stage Theory of Moral Development.

Lev Vygotsky

Social constructivist who introduced Scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development.

Sigmund Freud

Father of Psychoanalysis; advanced the Psychosexual Stages.

William Sheldon

Psychologist who linked body types (somatotypes) to temperament.

Erikson Stage 1 – Trust vs Mistrust

Infancy (0–12 mo); develops hope through reliable caregiving.

Erikson Stage 2 – Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

Toddler (1–3 yr); develops will by exploring independence.

Erikson Stage 3 – Initiative vs Guilt

Early childhood (3–6 yr); develops purpose through play and planning.

Erikson Stage 4 – Industry vs Inferiority

School age (6–12 yr); develops competence via productive work.

Erikson Stage 5 – Identity vs Role Confusion

Adolescence (12–18 yr); develops fidelity by forming personal identity.

Erikson Stage 6 – Intimacy vs Isolation

Early adulthood; develops love through close relationships.

Erikson Stage 7 – Generativity vs Stagnation

Middle adulthood; develops care by nurturing the next generation.

Erikson Stage 8 – Integrity vs Despair

Late adulthood; develops wisdom from life review.

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

Birth–2 yr; knowledge through senses and motor actions.

Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage

2–7 yr; symbolic thinking and imagination, egocentrism.

Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage

7–11 yr; logical operations on concrete objects; conservation mastered.

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

12 yr +; abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

First Generation Computers

Used vacuum tubes (1940–1956).

Second Generation Computers

Used transistors (1956–1963).

Third Generation Computers

Used integrated circuits (1964–1971).

Fourth Generation Computers

Utilize microprocessors (1971–present).

Fifth Generation Computers

Focus on Artificial Intelligence (present–future).

Mistaken Goal – Attention Seeking

Student misbehaves to gain teacher notice: “Teacher, notice me.”

Mistaken Goal – Power Seeking

Student challenges authority: “Teacher, may I help or control?”

Mistaken Goal – Revenge

Student retaliates: “Teacher, I am hurt.”

Mistaken Goal – Inadequacy

Student feels helpless: “Teacher, don’t give up on me.”

Mistaken Goal – Withdrawal

Student silently asks: “Teacher, please help me.”

Kohlberg Level 1 – Pre-conventional

Morality based on obedience & self-interest (Stages 1 & 2).

Kohlberg Level 2 – Conventional

Morality based on social approval & law/order (Stages 3 & 4).

Kohlberg Level 3 – Post-conventional

Morality based on social contract & universal ethics (Stages 5 & 6).

Mean

Arithmetic average of a set of scores.

Mode

Most frequently occurring score in a data set.

Range

Difference between highest and lowest score.

Low Standard Deviation

Scores are homogeneous and clustered near the mean.

High Standard Deviation

Scores are heterogeneous and widely spread.

Decile

Division of a distribution into ten equal parts (D1–D10).

Quartile

Division of a distribution into four equal parts (Q1–Q4).

Difficulty Index 0–0.20

Item is very difficult.

Difficulty Index 0.81–1.00

Item is very easy.

Positively Skewed Distribution

Tail on the right (low scores dominate); mean > mode.

Negatively Skewed Distribution

Tail on the left (high scores dominate); mean < mode.

Halo Effect

Overall positive impression masks individual faults.

Horn Effect

Overall negative impression overshadows positive traits.

Bow-wow Theory

Language originated from imitation of natural sounds.

Ding-dong Theory

Language arose from sounds produced by objects.

Pooh-pooh Theory

Language developed from emotional interjections.

Yo-he-ho Theory

Language came from rhythmic chants during physical labor.

Bienvenido Santos

Filipino writer known for works on American culture.

José Garcia Villa

Filipino “Comma Poet” who used pen name Dove G. Lion.

Nick Joaquin

Filipino writer using the pen name Quijano de Manila.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

Real name of Mark Twain, author of “Tom Sawyer.”

Paz Marquez Benítez

Wrote “Dead Stars,” first modern English Filipino short story.

Sentence Without Subject – Existential

Begins with ‘mayroon’; expresses existence of something.

Sentence Structure – Payak

Simple sentence expressing one idea.

Pabula

Fable featuring animals as characters.

Parabula

Biblical parable teaching moral lessons.

Alamat

Legend explaining the origin of things.

Perpektibo

Completed verb aspect in Filipino (e.g., tumakbo).

Lantay

Positive degree of adjective; no comparison.

Pasukdol

Superlative degree of adjective; e.g., “pinakamataas.”

Epiko

Long narrative poem about heroic deeds (e.g., Biag ni Lam-ang).

Korido

Metrical romance with 8-syllable lines; fast tempo (e.g., Ibong Adarna).

Awit (poetic form)

Narrative poem with 12-syllable lines; slow tempo (e.g., Florante at Laura).

Haiku

Japanese nature poem of 3 lines (5-7-5 syllables).

Tanka

Japanese poem of 5 lines totaling 31 syllables.

Elehiya

Poem lamenting someone’s death; elegy.

Dalit

Short devotional poem praising God or Mary.

Onomatopoeia

Figure of speech where words imitate sounds.

Simile

Comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as.’

Metaphor

Direct comparison without using ‘like’ or ‘as.’

Hyperbole

Deliberate exaggeration for emphasis.

Personification

Giving human qualities to non-human things.

Oxymoron

Juxtaposition of contradictory terms (e.g., ‘deafening silence’).

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds.

Anaphora (Repetition)

Repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines.

Preposition

Word showing relationship of noun/pronoun to another word (e.g., on, under).

Conjunction

Connecting word such as and, but, or.