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10 Percent Plan
Proposed by Lincoln in 1863 to reconstruct the South.
13thAmendment
1865 abolished slavery in all areas of the United States. Major achievement of the Civil War
14th Amendment
1868 defined citizens legally.
15th Amendment
1870 forbade the states and federal government to deny any citizen suffrage based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Major achievement of reconstruction as allowed blacks to vote.
Adams, John
Second president of United States—made peace with France before he left office—appointed midnight judges—alienated his Federalist party—passed Alien and Sedition Acts.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Also called the Transcontinental Treaty was ratified in 1819 with the Spanish. America gave up all claims to Texas; Spanish give up claims to Oregon and cede Florida to US.
Adams, Samuel
Major colonial leader in Boston. Organized Sons of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence. One of the radicals pushing for Independence early on.
Albany Plan of Union:
: 1754 a conference of colonial leaders who met in Albany to negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois and talked about forming a defense league against Indians in general would form "one general government" to rule the colonies.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Passed in 1798: Alien act placed new obstacles in the way of foreigners who wished to become citizens and it strengthened the president's hand in dealing with Aliens. The Sedition Act allowed the government to prosecute those who engaged in "sedition" against the government.
American Anti-Slavery Society
abolitionist group founded by William Garrison in 1833 with a quarter-million members.
Anthony, Susan B.
Member of the women's rights movement and the Seneca Falls Convention. - founded the National Woman's Loyal League in 1863 and worked simultaneously for the abolition of slavery and women's suffrage,
Antietam
(1862) bloodiest battle of the Civil War.
Antifederalism:
People in this group opposed the Constitution because it placed obstacles between the people and the exercise of power, wanted a Bill of Rights.
Anti-Masons
opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.
Articles of Confederation
1777, provided for a national gov't structure similar to the one in operation. Not ratified until 1781. No separate executive, each state would have a single vote in Congress all thirteen would have to approve Articles before they could be ratified or amended
Aztecs
Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernan Cortes.
Bacon's Rebellion
1676 in Virginia, disgruntled group eventually burns Jamestown. Showed danger of newly freed servants or indentured servants, and unrest in Virginia.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Battle during War of 1812 where Creeks were defeated—ended serious resistance to US in the current Southeast area. Only resistance remains in Florida.
Battle of New Orleans
January 1815. Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the war of 1812.
Battle of Saratoga
1777: First major military victory by colonists, which convinced French in 1778 to form an alliance with US-giving us much need manpower, weapons, ships, etc.
Battle of Yorktown
Americans defeat British General Cornwallis with the aid of the French. Ends the American Revolution.
Beecher, Catherine;
Member of the women's rights movement and the Seneca Falls Convention. Created women's educational schools
Bill of Rights
the most major concern of the Antifederalists. The belief in this was a product of the belief that no government could be trusted to protect the liberties of its citizens.
Black Codes
laws made in the South during Reconstruction to gain control over black workers.
Bleeding Kansas
fights in Kansas over slavery; under the Kansas Nebraska Act slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty so pro- and anti-slavery supported conflicts
British Whigs
These were radical members of the British Whig party who influenced colonists to fear corruption (see republicanism)—they had a specific brand of republicanism.
Brown, John
Radical abolitionist who leads a raid on pro-slavery settlers in Pottawatomie, Kansas (1856) during Bleeding Kansas and kills five people, presumed to be proslavery supporters.
Calvinism
Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation.
Carpetbaggers
Pejorative used by southern whites to describe northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in southern infrastructure.
Coercive/ Intolerable Acts
After the Boston Tea party, Parliament passed several acts in 1774 to punish the colonists.
Columbian Exchange
The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.
Committees of Correspondence
Local committees established across Mass.
Common Sense
Written my Thomas Paine, it helped change the American outlook to wanting independence.
Compromise of 1850
engineered by Henry Clay, John Calhoun, Daniel Webster; takes on this issue of slave territories
Compromise of 1877
Hayes (Republican) was elected, but a compromise with the Democrats had to be made. It was that the \army would leave the south, effectively ending reconstruction.
Conquistadores
Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas.
Cooper, James F.
1820s: First Great American Novelist.
Copperheads
Name applied by Northerners to those northern political supporters opposed to war and sympathetic to the South
Crittenden Compromise
(1861) called for constitutional amendments guaranteeing the legality of slavery in slave states
Cult of Domesticity:
The separate woman's "sphere" which was a byproduct of the male belief that there should be a distinction between the public and private worlds.
Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776: allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide.
Declaratory Act
1766; Passed by Parliament after repeal of the Stamp Act. Asserted Parliament's authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." Americans did not pay attention to this act.
Dix, Dorothea
Member of the women's rights movement and the Seneca Falls Convention
Douglas, Stephen
served as a Senator from Illinois in the 1830s to 1860s. Most notably pushed Compromise of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska act through congress
Douglass, Frederick
former slave, noted abolitionist lecturer, founded abolitionistnewspaper North Star.
Dred Scott Decision-
1857 supreme court decision in which Dred Scott (a slave) was denied his freedom even though he had lived in free territory north of the Missouri Compromise line.
Edwards, Jonathan
Preacher during the First Great Awakening (1740s) attacked the new idea of salvation for all.
Election of 1864
Peace Candidate George McClellan v. Lincoln.
Emancipation Proclamation
proclamation by Abraham Lincoln in Sept. 1862 that freed slaves in those rebellious states under Union control.
Embargo Act
Refused to trade with Britain or France until they acknowledged our rights as neutrals.
Emerson, Ralph W.
The leader of the transcendentalists who devoted himself to writing poetry and essays and teaching transcendentalism.
Enlightenment:
The product of scientific and intellectual discoveries in Europe.
Erie Canal
An engineering triumph that provided a route to the Great Lakes
Finney, Charles G.
Evangelical Protestant minister.
First Continental Congress
1774: Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts.
Fitzhugh, George
Pro-Slavery author in the South before the Civil War. Advocated a feudal society in the South.
Fort Sumter
April 1861 first battle of Civil War, fort in South Carolina fired on by Charleston, SC battery.
Franklin, Benjamin
Inventor, diplomat, and leading revolutionary.
Free Soil Party
(1848) wanted to stop the spread of slavery to help whites, named because it dealt with what to do with the newly acquired or annexed land and additional population.
Freedmen's Bureau
1865-72; Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support.
Freeport Doctrine
Lincoln asked Douglas whether or not people in a territory could exclude slavery prior to the formation of a state constitution.
Fugitive Slave Act/Law
1850; Passed as par tof the Compromise of 1850 it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves.
Funding and Assumption
Decision by Hamilton to fund the national debt and assume the state debt to ensure full faith and credit to the US by foreign nations.
Gag Rule
Adopted by House of Reps. In 1836 it required the tabling of all antislavery petitions without discussion.
Gang System
Most common system used in slave labor. Slaves were forced to work as many hours as the overseer considered reasonable
Garrison, William Lloyd
In 1831 formed anti-slavery newspaper the Liberator -Brought revolutionary philosophy to the anti-slavery movement to view slavery from the black perspective.
Gettysburg
July 1863—Northern victory with huge losses to both sides. South no longer has enough manpower to go on the offensive in the North
Glorious Revolution
1688: Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II
Great Awakening
Every person could break away from the constraints of the past and start anew with their relationship with God.
Greenbacks
Paper currency used during the Civil War in the North.
Hamilton's Fiscal Plan
First major plan in Washington Administration.
Harper's Ferry
October 16, 1859, John Brown, an antislavery, extremist, and 18 others attacked and seized a federal arsenal, in Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
Hartford Convention
1814 delegates from the New England states met to discuss their grievances concerning the War of 1812.
Homestead Act
settlers were able to buy 160 acres cheaply if they occupied they land for 5 years.
Horace Mann
A great educational reformer
Indentured Servants
During colonial period, a white person whose passage to the New World was paid for by an American planter or company in exchange for several years of labor.
Independent Sub-Treasury
where the gov't would place funds in independent treasuries so that the gov't money would be safe from speculation
Jay's Treaty
Negotiated with Britain to get them out of NW territory, establish commercial relations with British W.
Jefferson, Thomas
Third president of United States—Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark expedition, Embargo Act, Non-intercourse Act, reduced Army and Navy, first Indian Policy.
Judiciary Act of 1789
Created the federal court system. Later part of it was declared unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Intended to determine the slave status of the territory by popular sovereignty.
King Philip/King Philip's War
1675-76; Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England.
Know-Nothings/American Party
1850s: nativist party that advocated temperance- which was anti-immigrant because Irish and Germans drank
Ku Klux Klan
Group for white supremacy
League of the Iroquois
Powerful group of five, later six, Native American tribes—mostly in NY, could command attention from colonists, British and French because of fur trade.
Leisler's Rebellion
1689-1691; Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York.
Lexington and Concord
April, 1775; First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston.
Liberator
1831-1865; Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison
Liberty Party
political party, anti-slavery but not strongly abolitionist.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
between Democrat Stephen Douglas and Republican Abraham Lincoln over Illinois senate seat; Douglas won, Lincoln gained national prominence.
Louisiana Purchase
1803: Jefferson had negotiated the purchase of New Orleans to avoid war with France and Political downfall.
Luther, Martin
led the Protestant Reformation in England where he challenged the belief that salvation was obtained through good works or loyalty to church.
Maine Law
Maine passed a law in its legislature restricting the sale and consumption of alcohol
Manifest Destiny
belief that it was the United States 's ultimate destiny to stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific- fueled desire for land
Marbury v. Madison
1803: Supreme Court declared its first congressional act unconstitutional. Asserted the power of the court to nullify an act of congress (Judiciary Act of 1789). Created principle of judicial review.
Market Economy/Revolution
18th and 19th century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a nation commercial and industrial network
Marshall, John
Dominated the Supreme Court from 1801-1835.
McCormick Reaper
1831; Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots.
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819; Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank
Mercantilism:
The nation as a whole was the principle actor in the economy, not the individuals within it.
