B3.1 and B3.2 Gas Exchange and Transport

Stan aespa!

Where are the lungs?

thoracic cavity

What seperated the lungs

the heart

Is each lung just one lobe?

No

What are two specialized tissues in the respiratory system?

Alveolus and bronchioles

Describe the alveolus

• terminal end of one of the branches of tubes that started as the trachea

Describe the brochioles

small tubes that connect the trachea to the alveolus

What happens every time you inspire and expire

• you replace most of the air in millions of alveoli.

What do specific alveolar cells do?

 secrete the surfactant

What do surfacants do

 coats the inside of each alveolus.

Outline surfacatns

•  phospholipid/protein film, reduces surface tension to keep alveoli from collapsing

What shape are the alveoli

spherical

what is the significance of the shape of alveoli?

• rovides a vast surface area for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What do the capillaries surrounding the alveoli do?

help the diffusion of respiratory gases

What does diffusion allow in the alvaoli?

•  allows gas to pass from the capillaries into the alveoli and back again

Describe the characteristics of lung tissue

passive and non muscular

The lungs are incapable of….

movement on their own

How do lungs move if they cant by themselves?

Muscles and structures

Which muscles and structures help the lungs move

the diaphram, abdomen muscles, and external and internal muscles

Boyles law?

•  inverse relationship between pressure and volume.

How do pressure changes happen in the lungs?

Muscles work together to increase or decrease volume of the thoratic cavity

What happens when the diaphtagm contracts?

the dome shape flattens and the volume of thoracic cavity increases

outline inspiration

• Diaphragm contracts (moves down) and flattens.

• External intercostal muscles contract, lifting ribs up and out.

• Thoracic volume increases, lung volume increases.

• Pressure inside lungs drops below atmospheric pressure.

• Air rushes in to equalize pressure

Outline expiration

• Passive: Diaphragm and external intercostals relax; elastic recoil of lungs pushes air out.

• Active (Forced): Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract, actively pushing air out.

• Thoracic volume decreases, lung volume decreases.

• Pressure inside lungs increases above atmospheric pressure.

• Air is forced out. 

What do spirometers do

measure lung volumes

What is Tidal volume

• the volume of air that is breathed in or out during a typical cycle

What is Inspiratory reserve volume

Max volume of air breathed in

what is Expiratory reserve volume:

Max volume of air breathed out

what is Vital capacit

• the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal volume and

What are the pieces of the cardiovascular system

Hearts, veins, arteries, capillaries

Function of the heart

To transport blood to entire body

how many chambers in the heart

4

How many valves in heart

4 one way valves

What are the adaptations of the heart

SA node, Atria, Ventricles, Pulmonary and systemic circulation

fucntion of SA node

•  generates spontaneous electric impulse to start heart beat

Function of atria

• hin chamber that receives low pressure, sends blood to ventricles

function on Ventricles

thick chamber used to send blood out under high pressure

what are the two major routes for bloodflow in the heart

• pulmonary circulation (R) and systemic circulation (L) 

Which side of the heart is deoxygenated

right

which valves and arteries are deoxygenated blood?

the vena cavas, right atrium, tricuspid valve, rigth ventricle, pulmonary valve, and pulmonary arteries

Where does deoxygenated blood go to

lungs

where does oxygenated blood go

body

Which things in heart are oxygenated

Pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral-valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

Arteries go ___ from heart

away

Veins go _____ the heart

towards

Name to arteries

aorta and pulmonary arteries

What does the aorta do

• takes oxygenated blood to the body from the left ventricle

Name two veins

vena cava and pulmonary veins

Function of vena cava

• brings blood to the right atrium from the body

function of pulmonary veins

• brings oxygenated blood to left atrium 

Outline atriums

• Always receives blood from veins

• Always separated by atrioventricular valves

• Always low pressure

outline ventricles

• Always takes blood away in arteries

• Always separated by lunar valves

• Always high pressure

outline the right heart

• Always deoxygenated

• Blood comes from body and goes to lungs

outline left heart

• Always deoxygenated

• Blood comes from body and goes to lungs

What is the cardiac cycle

one heartbeat

frequency of cardiac cycle….is

heart rate

Systole

• When a chamber of the heart contracts, blood is pushed out

Diastole

• When a chamber relaxes and blood floods in

What is the cardiac cycle controlled by

SA nodes

What regulates the contraction of the atria

sa node

Where are the AV nodes

ventricles

Ways to measure HR

ECG, pulse, Stethoscope

What are capillaries

smallest of arteries

where do capillaries receive blood from

arterioles

Capillaries take blood from…

venules

Why are capillaries significant?

• only large enough to take one cell at a time

• very permeable

• no cell in the body is far from a capillary

Arteries and veins have different sizes of…

lumen

Adaptations go ___ from heart

away

The wall of each artery contains the proteins…

• elastin and collagen

veins go ___ the heart

towards

Plaque

•  a build of cholesterol and other substances in the lumen of an artery