Nervous system

SRJC, BIO 2.2, Swinstrom. All about the nervous system

Central nervous system

it is made up of the brain and spinal chord. It relays information. produces reflexes and automatic responses to certain stimuli

Peripheral nervous system

it is composed of: crainal nerves, ganglia, spinal nerves

Ganglia

collection of neuron cell bodies

nerves

axon or dendrites of many neurons wrapped together in a protetive sheath in the PNS

Cerebrum

most of our thinking occurs. White matter is mylentated and Grey matter is not. The cortext has four lobes where processing occurs. the white matter connects different regions of the cortex

cerebellum

responsivle for muscle memory and coordination. Active during reasoning and problem solving, can live without it.

Thalamus

takes information into the body and sends it to other parts of the brain exculding smell

Hypothalamus

Controls drive hunger, thirst, sleep, emotional responses, fight or flight, feeing, and mating

Amygdala

fear response, recognize emotions, especially fear, in other people

Hippocampus

involved in memory, regulates mood and learning.

What happens if the hippocampus is damaged?

cannot make new memories, only past memories remain. Still able to learn new motor skills.

Where is short term memory stored?

in the hippocampus

Where is long term memories stored?

The cerebral cortex

When will Long term potentiation occur?

signal from senses goes to thalamus, cortex and hippocampus. only if signal is strong enough or repeated LTP can occur

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal

How is neurogenesis involved with mood?

it creates new nwurons in the hippocampus, which regulates mood.

How can you increase neurogenesis?

Sex, exercise, learning, and eating omega 3s

How do you decrease neurogenesis?

smoking, stress, alcohol, and sleep deprivation

Automatic nervous system

controls smooth and cardiac muscles. its involuntary

Motor nervous system

regulates skeletal muscles and it can be voluntary or involuntary

Effrent

carries signal away from brain

Affrent

brings signal to brain

What are the two efferent signals?

automatic and motor nervous system

Motor neurons

voluntary skeletal muscles

automatic NS

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

Sympathetic

Fight or flight and exercise

Parasympathetic

Rest and digest

Enteric

2nd brain, neurons run digestive system and send info to brain. Produces 50% of Dopamine and 95% of seratonine.

Describe the LTP process of gultamate

presynaptic neuron stimulated → action potential releases glutamate neurotransmitters at synapse → post synaptic neuron has two glutamate receptors AMPA and NMDA → strong signal occurs enough gultamate released for LTP. → AMPA receptors bind glutamate → opens channels → Sodium flows in causing a slight depolarization→ Depolorization causes NMDA channel to open → Ca entes cells LTP begins→Ca in post synaptic cell activates protein kinases → protein kinasees increase AMPA receptors in membrane → existing AMPA receptores better ath there job → increase gene expression : more AMPA, Makre proteins that increase dendrite formation

What inhibits NMDA

alcohol

Frontal lobe

decision making

Occipital lobe

visual cortex

temporal lobe

auditory cortex

parietal lobe

sensory cortex

sort these into
parasympathetic or sympathetic responses:
1. Slows heart rate
2. Stimulate pancreas activity
3. Stimulates salivary gland secretions
4. Stimulates glucose release from liver
5. Dilates pupil of the eye
6. Relaxes bronchi in lungs

1. P

2. P

3. P

4. S

5. S

6. S