GEO01 - Earth na bato

Earth is a system (this is the answer - 1)

(study this - 1)

Earth is a system because it has a mechanism that interacts with different systems inside and outside of it. (closed and open system of earth)

Closed system

is a self-contained system which permits the exchange of energy but not matter with the surroundings

Open system

Allows energy and matter to freely flow

Atmosphere

One of the main systems that contains gases that envelops the earth

Hydrosphere

One of the main systems that contains liquid and water part of Earth

Biosphere

One of the main systems that contains living and once-living materials

Geosphere

One of the main systems that contains solid and rocky part of Earth

Silicon

Most abundant element in the lithosphere

Nebular Hypothesis

It suggests the Solar System is formed from gas and dust orbiting the Sun which clumped up together to form the planets

Nucleosynthesis

is the creation of new atomic nuclei, the centers of atoms that are made up of protons and neutrons

neogenesis

It is called the regeneration of tissue and formation of new materials

Planetesimal hypothesis

states that planets form from cosmic dust grains that collide and stick to form ever-larger bodies

Meteor

is a streak of light in the sky caused by a meteoroid crashing through Earth's atmosphere

Meteoroids

are lumps of rock or iron that orbit the sun

Meteorites

are space rocks that fall to Earth's surface. It is the last stage in the existencce of these type of space rocks

Oceanic crust

It is the younger crust

Continental crust

It is the older crust

Granitic rocks

It is the dominant rock in continental crust composition

Basaltic rocks

It is the dominant rock in oceanic crust composition

Mohorovicic discontinuity

Boundary that separates crust and mantle

Gutenberg discontinuity

Boundary between mantle and core

P wave

passes through solids and liquids

S wave

does not pass through liquid

Physical Composition Arrangement

• Lithosphere

• Asthenosphere

• Mesosphere

• Outer core

• Inner core

Lehmann discontinuity

Boundary between inner and outer core

Pangaea

It means “all Earth”

Sir Edward Bullard

He, together with two others, constructed a mapthat pieced together the edges of thecontinental shelves of South America andAfrica at a depth of about 900 meters

Divergent Boundaries

Plates moving away from each other

Convergent boundaries

Plates moving towards each other

Divergent boundary

What boundary has mid-oceanic ridge and continental rift zone

Convergent boundary

What boundary creates volcanic art

Oceanic-continental

What convergent boundary crust creates volcanic arc

oceanic-oceanic

What convergent boundary crust creates island arc

continental-continental

What convergent boundary crust creates mountain ranges

Mineral

A substance that occurs naturally and possesses unique chemical and physical properties, composition, and atomic structure.

Rock

It is a solid assemblage of minerals

Intrusive

Rocks that formed deep inderground and cools slowly

Extrusive

Rocks that formed on the earth’s surface and cools rapidly

Aphanitic Texture

exhibit a very fine-grained texture, as the crystals are too small to be seen without magnification

Phaneritic Texture

contain large, visible crystals.This texture is formed when the rock cools slowlywithin an underground magma chamber

Pegmatitic

extremely coarse–grained (most crystals >5 cm), formed when magma cools very slowly at depth

Porphyritic

Includes two distinct crystal sizes, with the larger phenocrysts having formed first during slow cooling underground and the smaller groundmass forming during more rapid cooling atthe Earth’s surface

Glassy Texture

contains no crystals and cools rapidly

Vesicular

contains cavities in extrusive rocks resulting from gas bubbles that were in thelava. Scoria and pumice are examples.

Fine grained

These are characteristics of extrusive rocks

Course grained

These are characteristics of intrusive rocks

Vesicles

It is the cavities in extrusive rocks

Pyroclastic textures

This occur during explosive volcanic eruptions. These eruptions propel molten lava into the air, causing it to fragment into small, typically glassy particles

Felsic rocks

What kind of rocks are rhyolite and granite

Intermediate rocks

What kind of rocks are andesite and diorite

Mafic rocks

What kind of rocks are gabbro and basalt

Ultramafic rocks

What kind of rocks are peridotite and komatite

>65%

percentage of silica in felsic rocks

55%

percentage of silica in intermediate rocks

45%

percentage of silica in mafic rocks

<45%

percentage of silica in ultramafic rocks

decompression melting

occurs when the predominantly solid mantle of the earth moves upward

flux melting

addition of water to mantle and cools magma rapidly

differentiation

process by which different ingredients separate from an originally homogenousmixture

partial melting

process by which the magma composition varies as different minerals/rocks meltat different temperatures.

Assimilation

Is the incorporation of solid or fluid foreign material into magma. The term does not specify a particular mechanism, and the process isinfluenced by various factors such as temperature,magma cooling rate, gas pressure, and the composition

magma mixing

contributes to the differentiation of volcanic rocks, especially in continental margin settings.

Intrusive bodies

exist in bodies or structures that penetrate or cut through pre-existing country rock

Plutons

deep, large, blob-shaped intrusive body formed of coarse-grained igneous rock, commonly granitic in composition.

Stocks

small plutons

batholiths

large exposed batholiths

Granite

Most abundant rock in mountain ranges

Gabbro and basalt

predominant rocks of the oceans

andesite

the building material of young mountain ranges

Ultramafic rocks

What makes up the upper matle

more dissolved gasses

amount of gasses makes more fluid the lava becomes

Mafic Lava flows

A kind of lava flow with low viscosity and flows easily.

Flood basalts

very low viscosity and flows very easily from erupting fissures

columnar jointing

parallel mostly six-sided vertical columns

submarine lava flow

pillow structure formed as lava flows into water

Intermediate and Felsic lava flows

thicker viscous lavas that flow short distances.

Pyroclastic Materials

These are Dust, ash, cinders, lapilli,blocks and bombs

pyroclastic flow

Mixture of gas and pyroclasticdebris that flows rapidly down slope

Cinder cone volcanoes

volcano that has thicker and contains a higher number of trapped gases

lava domes

is a steep-sided mound that forms when highlyviscous lava reaches the Earth's surface andaccumulates around the vent

caldera

A large volcanic crater, especially oneformed by a significant eruption that causes thecollapse of the volcano's vent, is known as a caldera.

Pompeii

Deadliest event of pyroclastic flow

volcanic gases

it conatins carbon dioxide and nyos cameroon

volcanic mudflows

It is also known as lahars

Weathering

Is the group of destructive processesthat change the physical and chemical character ofrocks at or near Earth’s surface

Erosion

is the physical picking up of rock particlesby water, ice, or wind

Transportation

It is the movement of erodedparticles by water, ice, or wind

Mechanical weathering

Weathering processes that breakrocks into smaller pieces without changes to thechemical composition

Chemical Weathering

Weathering were decomposition of rockfrom exposure to water and atmospheric gases occurs

Differential Weathering

Refers to the uneven breakdown of rocks due tovariations in composition and resistance

Pressure release

a form of physical weathering that occurs when deeplyburied rocks, such as granite, are exposed at thesurface

Frost wedging

is a physical weatheringprocess that involves the breakdown of rocks through repeated freezing and thawing

Haloclasty or salt pressure

is a process of rockweathering where salt plays a role

Feldspar

Most common mineral in the crust

Sedimentary rocks

are created from theaccumulation of pre-existing rocks or organicremains on the Earth's surface.

Detrital rocks

Rocks that are produced from rock fragments

Chemical rocks

Rocks produced by precipitation ofdissolved ions in water.

Organic rocks

are produced by accumulation ofbiological debris, such as in swamps or bogs

Sediments

SedimentsAre loose, solid particles originating from weatheringand erosion of pre-existing rocks.

Sediments Transportation

refers to the movement of granular particles byfluids