AP Human Geography Chapter 2 Flashcards

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

Antinatalist Policies

Policies aimed to decrease the fertility rate of a given place

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people in a place divided by the total land area

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country with the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Baby Boom

A spike in birth rates, typically occurring after a period of war

Baby Bust

The end of a baby boom, lasting until boomers reach childbearing age

Birth Deficit

The slowdown of births to a rate below the replacement level, which often occurs during times of conflict, economic downturn, or due to cultural shifts

Brain Drain

The large-scale emigration of highly educated or skilled workers from a place, usually to seek a better lifestyle and professional opportunities abroad

Carrying Capacity

The largest number of people that an environment of a particular area can support

Census

A survey that counts the population of a state, nation, or other geographic region

Chain Migration

Migration in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births in a year for every 1000 people

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per year for every 1000 people

Demographics - Statistical data relating to the population and groups within it

Demographic Transition Model

A model that explains the 5 stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize

Dependency Ratio

The percentage of people within a population who are too young or too old to work and must rely on working adults for support

Doubling Time

A measurement of how long a country will take to double its population based on its Natural Increase Rate

Epidemiological Transition Model

A model of the predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop

Forced Migration

A type of migration where people do not choose to relocate, but do so under threat of violence, persecution, or disaster

Guest Worker

A person with temporary permission to immigrate to and work in another country

Immigration Quota

A limit on the number of people who can immigrate to a country from a particular place during a particular period of time

Infant Mortality Rate

A measure of the number of babies who die before their first birthday for every 1000 births

Internally Displaced Person

A person forced to migrate for similar reasons to a refugee but who does not move across an international border

Internal Migration

The permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals within a country

Intervening Obstacle

Barriers that make it difficult for migrants to reach their desired destination

Intervening Opportunity

A factor that causes a migrant to choose a different destination than the one they had intended when they started their journey

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person can be expected to live given current economic, social, and medical conditions

Malthusian Theory

The theory that society was on the path to mass starvation, as the population was increasing faster than the food production capabilities. It recommended that people limit the hunger of children they had in order to jot exhaust Earth's resources

Maternal Mortality Rate

The number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 births each year

Migration Flow

The migration of a large number of people from one place to another in a noticeable pattern

Natural Increase Rate

The difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate; a statistic that estimates the population growth of a country, not including population lost or gained due to migration

Neo-Malthusians

People who have adapted Malthusian Theory to fit modern conditions and believe that overpopulation is a serious problem and threat to the future

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants in a place in a year

One Child Policy

A set of antinatalist Policies in a place in China from 1979 to 2015 that used social and economic benefits to incentivize people to have small families

Pandemic

An outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads across a very large geographic area, impacting a significant portion of the global population

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land

Population Density

The number of people who lived in a defined area

Population Distribution

The pattern where people live

Population Pyramid

Age-sex composition graphs that can provide information on birth and death rates, life expectancy, economic development, migration, and last events like natural disasters or war

Pronatalist Polices

Policies aimed to increase the fertility rate of a given area

Pull Factor

Positive conditions or circumstances that draw people to choose a destination when migrating

Push Factor

Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where someone lives that makes them want to leave

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Principles about who migrates and how people migrate proposed in the late 1800s.

Refugee

A person forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, violence, the violation of human rights, or other disasters, who cannot return to their home country for fear of persecution.

Remittances

Money that migrants send back to their family and friends in their home countries.

Selective Migration

Controlling migration to bar individuals of certain backgrounds and give preference to others who have traits that are viewed favorably

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population

Step Migration

A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born per woman (aged 15-49).

Transhumance

Seasonal migration that pastoral herders make with their animals.

Transnational Migration

The permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals between countries

Unauthorized Immigrant

A person who migrates to a country without the proper documentation or permission.

Voluntary Migration

Migration done by choice. often for a better quality of life.