EXPH 365 Exam 1

exercise physiology

the scientific study of the acute and chronic biochemical and physiologic changes of the human body to exercise

kreb’s cycle

metabolic production of 38 ATP occurs

T/F: the more bonds there are, the more energy is required to break them (Hydrogen - 1 bond is easier to break than Carbon - 4 bonds)

true

metabolism

energy production that is primarily concerned with Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon

how much ATP is used by a human at rest per day?

99 lbs

thermodynamics

the relationship between heat and other forms of energy (mechanical, electrical or chemical)

law of conservation of energy

1st law of thermodynamics

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the body does not produce, consume, or use up energy; rather, it __transforms__ it from one form into another as physiological systems undergo continual change and need for energy

if we use 99 lbs of energy (ATP) every day, why aren’t we losing 99 lbs every day?

because we are using our energy to make more energy (1st law of thermodynamics)

energy

controlled by the laws of thermodynamics and is needed by all of the body systems; the capacity to do work

how does the body use energy?

ATP moves from the body’s storage tank (fats, carbs, proteins) to the muscle cells

thermo

heat or energy

dynamics

change, movement, transfer

where does our body’s energy come from?

fats, carbs, proteins

how is potential energy from the earth and body utilized?

it must be:

–extracted (taken out and refined)

–harnessed (controlled and used)

–produced (broken down and converted to a usable energy source)

potential energy

stored energy in a system that is not yet used and can be transferred to other systems

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different forms: light, chemical, mechanical, etc.

when two forces hit each other, __ is produced and energy is generated

heat

kinetic energy

energy of motion/in use that is formed by the transformation of potential energy

what factors have an effect on energy movement?

gravity, concentration, pressure, temperature

gravity

moves toward the center of the earth

concentration

force moved from an area of high concentration to low concentration

pressure

force moves from an area of high pressure to low pressure

temperature

moves from one temperature extreme to another

second law of thermodynamics

determines the direction of energy flow based on movement and likelihood

\-→ transfer of heat and cold

\-→concentration gradient

concentration gradient

\-movement rom an area of high concentration to low concentration

\-energy moves from an area of high energy to an area of need

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\-CANNOT go the opposite direction (think of mio in water)

what does the 2nd law of thermodynamics measure?

the likelihood that a reaction (heat/energy transfer) will occur in both directions without help

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aka the degree of disorder and randomness in the system, plus the amount of energy needed to fuel that change



__Disorder + Heat Transfer Effect__

unless energy is expended to _____ the energy in one system, they will balance, and the energy transfer will cease

replenish

why must we continually put energy into our bodies?

because we do not absorb energy

the human body cannot create ______,__ but stores _____, thus creating an imbalance

energy; potential chemical energy

upon release, the chemical energy transfers to _____, in a high concentration to low concentration fashion, producing movement

mechanical and heat energy

for activity (or change) to continue, more _________ must be created and released

potential energy

__**ex**__ergonic reactions

\-energy that is __**ex**__iting

\-chemical processes that release energy to its surroundings/into a system

\-downhill processes

endergonic reactions

\-__**en**__ergy that is entering

\-chemical processes that store or absorb energy

\-uphill processes

ATP energy sources

\-food

\-refinery (digestion)

\-cells and muscles (stores and produced ATP, and distributed for use)

using energy

the bonds holding a chemical compound together and broken to release energy

making energy

energy is also required to re-connect two chemicals to re-form a compound

bioenergetics

the study of the transfer of energy in living organisms

mechanical work

an object of some mass is moved a **vertical** distance

metabolic work

the physical and chemical processes necessary for a body to create and use energy to perform movement

what is the cumulative effect of all the endergonic and exergonic reactions

metabolic work

what two main processes continually occur during metabolic work?

anabolism and catabolism

anabolism

the process of building new materials for the body to use

catabolism

the process of breaking things apart

\-the breakdown of muscle protein

\-use the potential energy stored in food

physiological work

the adaptation of the physiological systems of the body in response to physical stresses

psychological work

an individual’s perception of the difficulty in the performance of a physical task

muscle contraction is an example of

mechanical work

breaking down and storing potential energy from food is an example of

chemical work

sodium potassium pumps are an example of

transport work

what are the 3 types of work in the human body?

mechanical work

chemical work

kinetic or movement (transport) work

passive (transport) work

requires a concentration or pressure gradient

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2 kinds:


1. diffusion
2. facilitated

diffusion

movement of cells across a membrane

active (transport) work

requires energy to make the cells move in that direction

what are the three types of cellular transport?

1. diffusion through lipid bilayer (passive)
2. facilitated diffusion (passive)
3. active transport

_______ energy comes from the food we take in or the fat we already have stored; if there is no food or stored fat, the body will break down muscle mass to get energy

potential

food energy

comes from carbs, lipids, proteins

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ADP + Pi ---→ ATP

Pi

a phosphate

ATP

tail end is 3 phosphate bonds that can store large amounts of potential energy

what happens when the body requires energy?

the last ATP phosphate bond is broken, energy is released, and work can be done

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ATP-→ ADP -→ AMP

ADP

adenosine + Pi + Pi

AMP

adenosine + Pi

____ in muscle can cause changes to occur which makes the muscles pull together

ATP

how much ATP is store in the muscle?

a few seconds of work (

what three things happen why ATP is split?

1. ADP is formed
2. Pi (inorganic phosphate) is split off
3. energy (7.3 kCal) is released

ATP minus P (a phosphate molecule) =  ADP + energy 

energy traveling AWAY = EXERGONIC rxn

Energy + P (a phosphate molecule) + ADP = ATP

energy traveling TOWARDS = ENDERGONIC rxn

enzymes

proteins that serve as a biological “gas pedal” to speed up rxns

highly specific proteins

are neither consumed nor changed in the rxn

coenzymes

complex non-protein organic substances that connect with the enzymes and serve as the “foot on the gas pedal” to help make them go

do enzymes and coenzymes change the chemical compounds they attach to?

no, they just help speed them up

how can you recognize an enzyme?

by the suffix **-ase** on the end of the rxn it is speeding up (ex: ATPase)

when does an enzyme turn on?

when its active site joins with a substrate’s binding site (coenzyme)

what factors affect the speed of a rxn by affecting enzyme activity?

1. pH (acidity)
2. temperature

3rd law of thermodynamics

the normal action (behavior) of a system slows to the point of almost stopping when the temperature reaches “absolute zero” (0 degrees K)

T/F: the breakdown of ATP for a muscle contraction produces energy, which results in ADP

true

in order to reconnect the phosphate to the ADP to form ATP, a ____________ must occur

chemical rxn

T/F: we have an unlimited capacity to store readily available ATP

false - we have limited capacity

energy requirements vary based on what?

intensity, duration, fitness level of the performer

what are the 2 methods for ATP production?

anaerobic and aerobic

anaerobic

–occurs in the absence of molecular oxygen



–process takes place in the cytosol (liquid) inside of the cell

aerobic

–requires molecular oxygen



–process takes place in the mitochondria

3 systems for ATP replenishment

1. ATP-PC system (anaerobic-high power/short duration)
2. glycolytic system (anaerobic-moderate power/short duration)
3. oxidative system (aerobic-low power/long duration)

what determines which energy system(s) is relied on?

effort and duration

one time movement like a box jump would rely on what energy system?

ATP-PC

repeated movements like jumping rope relies on which energy system?

glycolytic

extending movement like a marathon requires which energy system?

oxidative

at rest what two sources are equally used for energy?

fats and carbs

what source is used during light exercise for energy

fats (free fatty acids)

what source is used during steady exercise?

carbohydrates (when FFAs are used up)

the metabolic “left-overs” or by-products are converted into these two basic substances depending on the ***intensity*** and ***duration*** of the exercise or activity:

1. pyruvate
2. lactic acid

pyruvate enters what cycle?

krebs

lactic acid enters what cycle?

cori cycle

during lower intensity exercise:

\-pyruvate is produced

\-acetyl Co-A if formed from pyruvate entering the krebs cycle

during higher intensity exercise:

\-lactic acid is produced

\-body needs to buffer (neutralize) the acidity

buffering of lactic acids during extended duration exercise (>2 min) causes the production of?

CO2 and H2O

ATP-PC system

\-provides max effort lasting \~10-12 seconds from ATP stored in muscles

\-anaerobic

\-1 enzyme rxn

\-speeds up connection between ADP and a phosphate to make ATP

glycolytic system

–__**F**__ast __**A**__naerobic __**G**__lycolysis   aka (FAG) or \[Fast\]

–__**F**__ast __**O**__xidative __**G**__lycolysis   aka (FOG) or \[Slow\]

\-anaerobic

\-carbs break down glucose supply that circulates in the blood

__**F**__ast __**A**__naerobic __**G**__lycolysis   aka (FAG) or \[Fast\]

high intensity activity lasting longer that \~30 secs results in pyruvic acid conversion to lactic acid which causes muscle fatigue

lactate

can be used 3 ways:

–directly by the cell which produced it (oxidative through the mitochondria)

–shuttle to a neighbor cell

–go to the liver (Cori cycle)

the cori cycle

\-lactate formed in the muscle cells is transported to the liver where it is converted into glucose (gluconeogenesis)

\-glucose is then taken back to the muscle and used to fuel muscular activity

lactate accumulation causes:

\-acidic pH in the cell

\-enzymes affected = slow glycolysis

\-energy not created fast enough and fatigue occurs