PSYC1100

Psychology

study of the soul

Structuralism

Created by Wilhelm Wundt
Relied on introspection

Introspection

A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings

Reaction Times

Studied by Wilhelm Wundt
Used to study structuralism

Functionalism

the study of how the mind helps an organism behave within its environment
Created by William James
Combines introspection, and objective measures

Behaviorism

Created by Watson, Skinner, Pavlov
the study of
observable, measurable behavior
conditioning/ learning a behavior

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Cognitive Revolution

an interdisciplinary
movement to bring back scientific study of
the mind and consciousness
lead to cognitive science

Gradual Triangulation

when scientists want to "get it right"
Leads towards the truth

Analytic thought

Breaking down a system into related parts and
inferring causal relationships between them

steps of the Scientific Method

find question, formulate hypothesis, design experiment, collect data, analyze data, report findings

Falsifiable

can be proven wrong

Experimental design- less manipulation

descriptive, experimenter bias, observation effects, privacy, never proves causation

Experimental design- some manipulation

descriptive, observation effects. self-reporting, only measures pre-exisiting differences, doesnt prove causation

Experimental design- more manipulation

controlled, random assignment, not natural, can uncover causation

Mean

average

Median

Middle number

Mode

most frequently occurring value

measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups.

inferential statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

The Belmont Report

respect for persons, beneficence, justice
guide for ethics in science

respect for persons

respect for autonomy of your participants, informed consent

Beneficence

do no harm

Justice

dont exploit a group of people, dont give benefits to just one group of people

Institutional Review Board(IRB)

reviews ethics in experiments, must be
made up of experts
demographically diverse
diverse in research areas
at least one non scientist

ethical responsibilities to science

do the best science you can, share and be transparent, and replicate

original study and direct replication

exactly the same as original experiment

Conceptual replication

slightly tweaked from original experiment but still testing the same idea

Open Science Framework

preregistered, open materials, open data, open access

open science

As part of a study's publication process, the practice of sharing one's data and materials freely so others can collaborate, use, and verify the results.

Stanford Prison Experiment(SPE)

Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty.

SPE Problems

ethics, methodological problems, Zimbardos want for research fame

Biopsychology

The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and mental processes.
influenced by Rene Descartes and William James

Genetics

science of heredity
23 alleles from egg, 23 alleles from sperm, 23 PAIRS of chromosomes

Behavioral genetics- animal studies

selective breeding and genetic
"knockout" experiments to see
how important certain genes are
to certain behaviors

Behavioral genetics- twin and family studies

observe differences in behavior during
experiments or over the lifespan to
disentangle genes and/or environment impact

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves, neurons, and glial cells

Neuron Soma

cell body

neuron cell membrane

the semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron

Neuron axon

electrical transmitter

Neuron: Dendrites

receive messages from other cells

Neuron: Myelin Sheath

insulator

Neuron: Terminal Buttons

send neurotransmitters

Neuron: Synapse

space between neurons

Glia

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
glue

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

associated with voluntary movement

motor neurons

"efferent" "away from"

sensory neurons

"afferent" "towards"

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

controls unconscious or involuntary systems

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight
stress

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest
calm

Studying somatic nervous system(SNS)

movement disorders, motor control, stabilization, reaction time

Studying autonomic nervous system(ANS)

heart rate, skin conductance

Brain in three parts

Lobes of the brain

Frontal Lobe

planning, reasoning, motor control, emotion, language

Parietal Lobe

sensation

Occipital Lobe

vision

Temporal Lobe

hearing, memory, emotion, language

somatosensory cortex

sensing, part of parietal lobe

motor cortex

acting, part of frontal lobe

prefrontal cortex

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

auditory cortex

hearing

Wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

Thalamus

relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

limbic system

A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

Hippocampus

memory

Amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

midbrain

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.

Hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum

CT scan

xray, studies brain structure

MRI

tracks water in brain, studies brain structure

EEG (electroencephalogram)

electrical signals, studies brain activity

fMRI (functional MRI)

tracks oxygen in brain, studies brain activity

PET

radioactivity in brain, studies brain activity

single-unit recording

used on animals, measures elctrical flow between cell soma and axons

Lesion studies

damage parts of the brain and see how behavior changes

Agonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

antagonist neurotransmitter

a compound that blocks or inhibits the action of a neurotransmitter

Stimulants

increase CNS activity, cocaine, caffeine
inhibits dopamine reuptake

depressants

decrease CNS activity
opioids, alcohol
often GABA agonists

Hallucinogens

alter sensations
LSD, weed
mixed neurotransmitter effects

Reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

Reuptake inhibitors

Drugs that interfere with the reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse so that a greater amount remains in the synapse

Antipsychotics

treats psychological diagnoses
haldol, risperdal
often dopamine antagonists

tolerance

A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug.

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Bio clock- pineal gland

melatonin, sleep and wake regulation

bio clock- suprachiasmatic nucleus

takes visual input, sends to neurons and hormonal circadian response
helps regulate slow-wave sleep

bio clock- pituitary gland

cortisone and cortisol, growth hormone

bio clock- hypothalamus

maintains homeostasis
sleepiness/wakefulness
body temp

non-REM sleep

any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM
stage 1: relaxed
stage2: deep relaxtion, change in brain patterns
Stage 3+4: deeps sleep, slower breathing and heart rate

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

delta waves

asleep

theta waves

deeply relaxed