1973 War & Camp David Accords:

War of Attrition

• Nasser’s goal was to wear out Israel so Egyptian artillery barrages would make Israel withdraw its troops from the Suez so Egypt could regain use of it.

• Israel’s Response: Construction of the Bar-Lev line system of thirty strongholds along the canal.

• Soviet Response: Provided Egypt with SAMs and soviet flown MIG fighters.

Anwar Sadat

• Worked with muslim brotherhood to get rid of King Farouk & the British during WWll.

• Friend of Nasser and member of the free officers coup.

• helped Nasser get rid of the muslim brotherhood and rivals within free officers.

• Nasser rewarded him with a vice presdinacy of the republic in 1969

• became the next president.

Rogers Plan

• Framework proposed by the U.S secretary of state , Willam Rogers to end hostilities between Egypt and Israel after 1967 war.

• Terms: implement UN 242

• 90 day ceasfire at Suez Canal

How Egypt tried to deceive Syria in 1973 War

Claimed that Israel was trying to attack them, but King Hussein didn't believe it/didn't trust Egypt in Syria.

UN 338

called for an immediate ceasefire in the Yom Kippur War, halting all military activity within 12 hours.

Egypt’s main goal in 1973 War

Egypt's plan was wanting the eastern bank from Israeli air forces and the rest of the sinai peninsula.

They tricked Syria by a second plan that advanced into the Sanai passes

Syria’s main goal in 1973 War

plan was to recapture the golden height taken from them in 1967.

Golda Meir

prime minister of Israel from 1969 to 1974. She was Israel's first and, to date, only female head of government.

King Hussein’s warning to Israel about 1973 War

King Hussein didn't trust Egypt and Syria so he goes to Golda himself and tells her that Egypt and Syria were planning to attack Israel. The Golda doesn't believe him.

• Results of 1973 War for

  • Israel

  • Egypt

  • Arab-Israeli Conflict

  • Syria

• Egypt- Considered a victory by Egypt for breaking the post-1967 stalemate and crossing the Suez Canal. It restored Arab pride.

• Israel- Army and moved closer to Damascus, the war was a traumatic experience, leading to heavy losses (over 800 tanks, 100 aircraft) and the eventual resignation of Prime Minister Golda Meir.

• Syria- Initially broke through Israeli defenses in the Golan Heights, but was pushed back. Syria maintained a more hostile stance, with only a disengagement agreement signed in 1974.

• Arab-Israeli Conflict- The conflict led to the 1973-1974 Arab oil embargo, severely impacting Western economies. It cemented the U.S. role as the primary mediator in the region.

Likud Party

Israel's major right-wing political party, founded in 1973 by Menachem Begin right-wing groups to challenge Labor's dominance, advocating for Greater Israel, stronger security, and economic liberalism, often opposing Palestinian statehood.

Henry Kissinger

U.S. Secretary of State, pioneered "shuttle diplomacy" moved Egypt away from the Soviet orbit and laid the groundwork for the 1979 Camp David peace treaty.

Shuttle Diplomacy

• Although Egypt and Israel agreed to a cease-fire under you and resolution 338, there was a stall in negotiations.

  Since Arabs would not negotiate directly with Israel, America's secretary of state, Henry Kissinger acted as a mediator by traveling between the Middle Eastern nations to break the deadlock and negotiations.

Results of Sinai I and II

Sinai l - Israeli forces withdrew from the west bank of the Suez Canal and created a buffer zone on the east bank. The agreement marked a significant, immediate reduction in armed conflict between the two nations. 

Sinai ll - Israel withdrew further into the Sinai Peninsula, specifically from the strategic Giddi and Mitla Passes.

Egypt regained control of the Abu Rudeis oil fields.

The agreement authorized a U.S. Sinai Support Mission,

Egypt is committed to resolving the conflict by peaceful means rather than military force, strengthening ties with the West while causing strain with other Arab nations.

OPEC

• Organization of petroleum-exporting countries

• 12 members state, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa

• Controls 1/3 of the world's oil

• Holds 2/3 of its oil reserves

Oil Weapon: Purpose & Results 

The results included massive global price spikes, economic instability, and lasting shifts in energy policies, though it largely failed to cause direct, significant changes to targeted foreign policies. 

Black September

Black September, also known as the Jordanian Civil War, was an armed conflict between Jordan, led by King Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation Organization, led by chairman Yasser Arafat.

Dawson’s Field Hijacking

• The PFLP hijacked for airplanes headed for New York City and landed three in Jordan.

• The goal was to convince Israel to release Palestinian prisoners

Convinced King Hussein to attack the PLO, which became known as black September

PLO moved base operation to Lebanon

1972 Munich Olympics

• The black September group took 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team as hostages.

• They called for the release of Palestinian prisoners in exchange for the athletes, though 11 athletes were killed

Ma’alot Massacre

The PFLP took 115 hostages 105 being children at a elementary school in Israel

For exchange that Israel release 23 Palestinian militant from jail, though 25 hostages were killed

Arafat’s 1974 UN Speech

Claims that he's not a terrorist nor his group is terrorists mentions how what he's doing is self-defense protecting their country

Claims that Jews can also live in Palestine as long as they won't harm

Doesn't want bloodshed on either side

Yosef Tekoah

was a senior Israeli diplomat

Believes that Yasser Arafat's group is a murder organization

Believes the PLO stands for permitted deliberate, murder of civilians and deny the Jews, the right to live and destroy the Jewish state

Beliefs also, the bloodshed has come to collect the spoils of the UN surrender

Basically hates the PLO and yasar

Framework for Peace in Middle East

Started talks about future of the West Bank and Gaza in some form of a self government for Palestinians

Called for establishment of self governing authority to oversee administration of territories during five year transitional period before determining final status of these occupied territories

No firm commitment

Framework for peace treaty b/t Israel & Egypt

Both nations agreed to negotiate and sign formal peace treaty within three months

Signing actually didn't happen for six months and established diplomatic relations

Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai and return it to Egypt within three years

Egypt agreed to officially recognize Israel as a state and allow Israeli shipment to use Suez Canal and straits of Tehran

sadat impactcar

1977 visit to Jerusalem, which broke decades of Arab-Israeli diplomatic deadlock.

By initiating direct negotiations with Israel, reorienting Egypt towards the U.S., and agreeing to a framework that returned the Sinai Peninsula,

Sadat facilitated the first peace treaty between an Arab state and Israel. 

carters impact

Mediator between Israel and Egypt got them together to sign the camp, David accords

begins impact

negotiating directly with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and U.S. President Jimmy Carter, ultimately trading the entire Sinai Peninsula for a historic peace treaty

. As a pragmatic leader, Begin agreed to remove Israeli settlements, granting diplomatic recognition