AP Psychology Chapters 1,2. and 11 (copy)

Charles Spearman

Charles Spearman

creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, concept

Howard Gardner

Views that intelligence has multiple abilities that come in packages

Robert Sternberg

agreed with Gardner on the idea of multiple intelligences, but proposed the triarchic theory which distinguishes three, not eight, intelligences; analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

Francis Galton

interested in link between heredity and intelligence; founder of the eugenics movement such as nature vs nurture

Alfred Binet

1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)

Lewis Terman

professor at Stanford who revised the Binet test for Americans. The test then became the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. He is also known for his longitudinal research on gifted kids.

David Wechsler

developer of WAIS and WISC intelligence tests, for school aged children

Carol Dweck

reports that believing intelligence is biologically set and unchanging can lead to a "fixed mindset"

Intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Intelligence Test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

General Intelligence

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Factor Analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.

Savant Syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Grit

in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Emotional Intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Mental Age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

IQ

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

Achievement Test

A test designed to assess what a person has learned

Aptitude Test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

Wechesler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

Standardization

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Normal Curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

Realiability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Content Validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

Predictive Validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.

Cohort

a group of people from a given time period

crystallized intelligence

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that comes with increased age

Fluid Intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound

Down Syndrome

Severe Intellectual disability caused, caused by an extra chromosome

Herability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

Stereotype Threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

L.L. Thurstone

psychologist; proposed that intelligence consisted of 7 different primary mental abilities