Communication Sciences Exam One

Communication

the act of sending and receiving information

Types of messages

speech, writing, gestures, facial expressions, and body language

Speech

is dynamic and complex. It has many systems involved to articulate sounds into words

Speech Productions

systems involved in the articulation of sounds- occurs on the sending end

Speech Perception

Systems involved in the ability to receive, make sense, and eventually comprehend what is being stated to us- occurs on the receiving end

Systems of Speech Production and Perception

respiration, phonation, articulation/resonance, audition, and nervous system

Models

a “simplification of a system or any of its parts” - helps us to explain systems

Speaker-Sender

A speaker formulates ideas/thoughts to convey the message in various ways

Prosodic Features

important for speaking

Prosody

Intonation, inflections, stress, rate, pauses

Transmitter of the message

What delivers the message

Vocal Tract

Transmitter for spoken message

Hands

transmitter for written or gestured message

Whole Body

transmitter for body language message

Oral Cavity, nasal cavity, pharyngeal cavity

where the speech goes through- shaped like an F

Medium

what a message must travel through. an intervening substance, such as air, through which a force acts or an effect is produced

air, phone lines, paper, wireless, other electronic means

types of mediums

Listener-Reciever

a ____ receives the message through the senses (ears and eyes) - makes sense of the message and comprehends/ decodes the message

Feedback

also involved to indicate understanding of the message or lack there of

Central Nervous System

source of the message- brain must be intact

Final Destination of the message- brain must be intact

Reception

can also be perception

Speech

one method of communication- the conversion of language into sound

Speech is the conversion of

neuromotor (brain) myomotor (muscles) and Articulatory rules

How speech is described

in terms of voice (pitch, loudness, and quality),fluency and articulation (forward flow)

Phonemes

Speech Sounds that are capable of differentiating meaning (letters don’t necessary correspond to phonemes) Composed of Consonants, Vowels, and Diphthongs

Language

involves the rules governing a communication system. Allows you to completely understand new information and express novel utterances

Components of Language

Form, Content, and Use

Form is composed of

Phonology, morphology, and syntax

Phonology

systematic organization of speech sounds in production of language

Morphology

study of word endings (morphemes)

Morphemes

smallest unit of language capable of language capable of having meaning. Very close to the definition of phoneme (helps carry meaning)

Syntax

study of word order and the capability of arranging words into properly sequenced sentences/questions. So utterances make sense.

Semantics

Context is composed of

Semantics

study of word meaning and how words develop in a person’s speech

Lexicon

means words

Pragmatics

use is made up of

pragmatics

using language meaningfully and with purpose in a social context

Thought

internal representation of experiences

ideas, experiences, and attitudes (tied to language)

Also viewed as the storage of language in the Central Nervous System

Listening, thinking, and reading

development of language concept occurs through these 3 modes

Linguistic, Physiological, Acoustic, Physiological, Linguistic

Speech Chain

Acoustics

The Study of Sound

Matter

any physical object is composed of this

Physics

branch of science that is concerned with properties of matter and energy and the relationship between them

Mass

refers to the amount of matter in an object (measured in kilo/grams)

Forces

any influence that causes an object to undergo a change in speed direction, or shape (measures in newtons or dynes)

Work

occurs when a force is exerted over a distance (measured in joules or ergs)

Energy

the ability to do work

Potential Energy

stored energy that exists whenever an object that has mass has a position in a force field

Kinetic Energy

exists whenever an object which has mass is in motion

Forms of energy

chemical, electrical, thermal (heat), radiant(light), mechanical(movement), sound, and nuclear

Power

the rate of work done in a specific period of time -measured in watts

Intensity

refers to the power per unit of area (watts/m2 or watts/cm2)

Sound

condition of disturbance of particles in a medium

Sound is

invisible, has no substance, not a thing, has no mass

is a set of movement or disturbances

disturbance

results in changes in pressure in a medium

The Medium of Sound

an intervening substance through which a force acts or an effect is produced (air, liquid, solid)

Mediums have

certain degree of elasticity and density

Air

made up of molecules that constantly move about in random patterns and at high speeds- they may collide

Brownian Motion

molecules that constantly move about in random patterns and at high speeds

Pressure

force that acts perpendicularly on a surface

Air Pressure

measured in dynes- molecules in Brownian motion that collide with each other

Different levels of pressure

Sea Level, Positive, and Negative

Sea Level

Atmospheric pressure - Patmos

Positive Pressure

above atmospheric pressure Ppos

Negative Pressure

below atmospheric pressure Pneg

Movement of air

molecules want to equalize the pressure so they are constantly spreading themselves about as equally as possible

Air Flow

the movement of air from an area of high to low pressure to achieve equilibrium

Pressure Differential

difference in pressure

Driving Pressure

the difference between high and low pressure area that cause air to floe between those areas

Types of Air Flow

Laminar and Turbulent

Laminar Flow

smooth flow (vowels) (river)

Turbulent Flow

flow disturbed by an obstacle (rocks in a river)

Volume

the quality of 3-dimensional space occupied by a solid, liquid, or gas (measured in liters)

Pressure

force that acts perpendicularly on a surface (measured in dynes and pascals)

Density

a mass of a substance, a material, or an object per unit of volume (mass/volume=)

Systematically related

air pressure, volume, and density

Inverse relationship

The relationship between air volume and pressure

Direct relationship

the relationship between air pressure and density

Boyle’s Law

The inverse relationship between pressure and volume when density and temperature are constant

Ambient Pressure

Pam- constant and steady (is what get interrupted)

Positive Pressure

Ppos is known as compression

Negative pressure

Pneg is known as rarefaction

Palveolar

pressure in the lungs

Ptrach

pressure in the trachea

Poral

Pressure in the oral cavity

Properties required for the transmission of sound

Mass, elasticity, inertia, and friction

Mass

any form of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) that are capable of being set into vibratory motion

all particles in a medium consist of this

Elasticity

the ability to resist permanent distortion to its original shape or the distribution of its particles "(“springiness”)

resisting force

elasticity is also known as

Hooke’s Law

restoring force is proportional to the distance of displacement and acts in the opposite direction.

Inertia

a body in motion stays in motion while a body at rests stays at rest unless acted upon by an outside force

Inertia

Due to ___ the molecules within the medium stay in motion

Inertia and Elasticity work together

___ Keeps the molecules in motion and ___ restores molecules to original position

Friction

each time the molecules move back and forth around their equilibrium position they do it with less amplitude due to ___

Damping

the decreasing in amplitude is called

Amplitude

the maximum distance away from rest position that the molecule is displaced and is determined by the energy involved

Force must be applied continually

what must happen for the amplitude to keep the same distance of displacement and not be dampened

A transmitting medium, energy source, and a vibrating body

things we need to produce sound

steady stream of air from the lungs

energy source of producing sound