APUSH Period 1

Where did the first humans evolve?

Africa

How did they reach the Americas?

Bering Straight

What staple crop helped agriculture flourish around central America, leading to urbanization of Native American communities?

Maize

Where did Pueblo dwellers live?

Caves/canyon systems

Who were the first Europeans in the Americas?

The Vikings

Who “discovered” America and when?

Columbus, 1492

How many voyages did Columbus make?

4

Where was Columbus from and who did he sail for?

He was from Italy and sailed for Spain

What were Spanish goals for colonization?

God, Gold, and Glory

What was the Columbian exchange?

Exchange of food, plants, animals, ideas, and sicknesses between Europe and New World

What reached the New World from Europe?

rice, coffee, bananas

What reached Europe from the New World?

rattlesnakes, peanuts, avocados

What illness did Europeans take with them to the New World and how devasting was it?

Europeans brought smallpox to the Americas, killing off 80-90% of the population

What illness did the New World bring to the Europeans?

Syphilis

How many years before (most) of the rest of Europe did the Spanish arrive?

about 100

Why were the Spanish able to colonize so much?

The Spanish Armada gave them naval superiority

How did the Spanish explore the new world?

Spanish Explorers mostly settled in Central America, the American Southwest, and the west coast of South America. They subjugated the natives using an encomienda system

What is the encomienda system?

System of forced slavery/feudal system that exploited Native Americans and forced them to pay tributes to Spanish colonizers

Who was Juan De Onate?

Encomendero - leader of an encomienda system - in the 1580s who forced Native Americans to pay tribute to him, including producing food, raping women, and forcing conversions.

What was Pope’s rebellion?

In the 1680s, a tribe chief named Pope united several tribes to push back against brutal Spanish colonization and reclaimed their own territory from the Spanish for about 12 years

When did the French begin colonization?

A few French explorers explored the New World in the 15 and 16 hundreds

Who was La Salle

French explorer who was the first to explore entire length of the Mississippi river

Where did the French settle?

between Mississippi River and Appalachian Mountains

How far South did the French explore?

French explorers arrived in Newfoundland, and from there reached the Great Lakes, and from there reached the Mississippi river, which lead to the Gulf of Mexico

What did early English explorers do in the New World?

Pirate Spanish ships for Queen Elizabeth, known as “Sea Dogs”

What was the first English colony in the New World?

Roanoke

Who led the Roanoke colony?

Sir Walter Raleigh

What happened to Roanoke?

Sir Walter Raleigh returned to England to get supplies, war had broken out so he stayed for three years. When he returned, all the colonists were gone and the word Croatoan was carved into all the nearby trees - the name of a nearby tribe.

What was the first successful English colony?

Jamestown

Who was Jamestown led by?

John Smith, a hired soldier

What type of group formed the expedition of colonists to Jamestown?

Joint Stock Company

What did Queen Elizabeth give the Virginia Joint Stock Company so that they could form a colony?

A charter

When was Jamestown founded?

1607

Who did the Jamestown settlers encounter in the New World?

Powhatan Confederacy

What was the Jamestown colonists’ relationship with the Powhatan Confederacy like?

Alternating trading and fighting

What were the Jamestown colonist’s starting years known as?

The starving years

What was John Smith’s policy for Jamestown colonists?

Don’t work, don’t eat

What cash crop did the Jamestown settlers trade with England?

A super-smooth strain of tobacco

Which Jamestown colonist discovered a new strain of tobacco and married Pocahontas?

John Rolfe

What did the Crown think Jamestown needed?

More settlers

How did the crown encourage more settlers?

Reforms of 1618-1619

What did the Reforms of 1618-1619 say?

If you could pay your own passage, you were granted 50 acres of land and 25 for servants (called the headright policy). You had the right to be tried in court of law as an English citizen.

When did African slavery originate in the new world?

In 1619, a Portuguese ship arrived in Jamestown with 20 Angolan slaves

Where was Jamestown founded?

Chesapeake bay area

What was the second successful English colony founded?

Pilgrims in Plymouth in 1620

Who was the Pilgrims’ religious leader?

William Bradford

What was the Mayflower compact?

New worlds first example of consensual government, charter written onboard en route to new world. All church members voted; while servant non-church members were excluded.

What was England’s third colony and when was it founded?

Maryland, in 1625

Where was Maryland founded?

Chesapeake bay area

Why was Maryland founded?

Catholics were being persecuted in England due to Henry VIII, so a catholic nobleman was granted land to form a haven for catholics.

Who founded Maryland?

George Calvert

What was England’s fourth colony?

Massachusets bay, inhabited by Puritans

Who were the Puritans led by?

John Winthrop

What was the “city on the hill” sermon?

Sermon given by John Winthrop to Puritans en route to new world about spreading good christian values and how they were headed to a “wilderness zion”

What was the great migration?

After reforms of 1618-1619 and colonies were being established, 80,000 immigrants came from Europe

Which leader helped contribute to the Great Migration?

King Charles II

When was Rhode Island founded?

1631

Who was Rhode Island founded by?

Roger Williams

Why did Roger Williams found Rhode Island?

He disagreed with Massachusetts Bay and the Puritans over issues like forced worship and separation of church and state.

Who was Anne Hutchinson?

She was a puritan who preached the covenant of grace instead of the covenant of good works during Sunday school and was banished back to England. Instead, she travelled to Rhode Island.

Who mostly lived in the colonies?

Young men under 25

What agriculture did they use?

Slash n burn

What changed about womens rights in the new world?

They were more valued due to scarcity

what did the economy of southern colonies rely on?

labor done in farms/agriculture

who performed labor originally in southern colonies?

indentured servants

what was the stono uprising?

slave rebellion in southern carolina 1793 which was brutally put down

who were the gentry?

wealthy landowners

what religion were the gentry?

Anglican/Episcopal

what was the economy of new england like?

Commercial, trading and shipping

What did new england’s economy rely on?

triangle trade, including middle passage

what was there a shortage of in new england?

money

what happened to Puritans in new england under socioeconomic strain?

salem witch trials

How many died and how many were accused

over 10 month period, 20 executed and 300 accused

what was the economy of the middle colonies like?

mix of agriculture and trade

what was the enlightenment?

movement beginning in mid 1600s Europe when people began to understand natural laws

What were some enlightenment thinkers?

John Locke, Ben Franklin

What was john locke’s theory?

Gave theory of tabula rasa, or blank slate, in his essay of human understanding, that we are a product of our environment and must create virtuous and reasonable environments

What did Ben Franklin invent?

lightning rod, catheter, franklin stove

what was a result of the enlightenment?

more secular education, less focused on religion, seen less of in the south

What was the great awakening?

Americas first mass movement towards religion and away from science, seen as an affront to God

Who was george whitefield?

Catalyst of Great Awakening, emotional sermons

Who was Jonathan Edwards?

Awakening preacher who gave Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God sermon

What were some results of the great awakening?

more nonsecular education as people viewed clergy as more ignorant, power of individual choice, led to beginning of american revolution

What was the theory of mercantilism?

Only so many valuable goods in the world and power was equated with amount of goods possesed

Navigation acts

¾ of sailors on ships trading in colonies must be English, all ships between Europe and America had to stop on English port to be taxed, certain goods could only be shipped to English colonies

What were the Lords of Trade

IRS set up by Charles II

What was the Dominion of New England

IRS installed by James II, Catholic tyrant

What was the glorious revolution of 1688?

english revolt that Kicked James II off the throne

What were john Locke’s 2 treatises?

1. refutation of divine right of kings

2. Contract theory of Gov., life liberty and property

Who were William and Mary

James’ daughter and Dutch prince more tolerant of religions, gave more power to people and the colonies

What was the Boards of Trade

IRS set up by William and Mary

what was salutory neglect?

Purposefully ignoring colonies, gave illusion of independence and the feeling that it was a right

What powers did the assemblies gain in salutory neglect?

Power of the Purse and the power to initiate legislation