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Atoms
The smallest particle of an element that cannot be chemically or mechanically divided into smaller particles.
Element
A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances
Compound
A pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically bonded in fixed proportion.
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space
Mass (m)
The property that defines the quantity of matter in an object
Pure Substance
Matter that has a constant composition and can’t be broken down into simpler matter by an physical process.
Physical Process/Change
Transformation of matter that doesn’t alter the chemical identity of the substance
Physical Property
Property of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance to another substance.
Extensive Properties
A property that varies with the amount of a substance. Ex. Width, Mass, volume
Density (d)
m/v
Intensive Property
Property that is independent of the amount of substance
Chemical Reaction
Conversion of one or more substances into one or more different substances
Chemical Property
Property of a substance that can only be observed by reacting the substance with something to form another substance
Molecule
Collection of chemically bonded atoms (no net electrical charge)
Ion
Particle consisting of one or more atoms that has a net positive or negative charge
Mixture
A combination of pure substances in various proportions where the individual substances retain their chemical identities and can be separated through a physical process
Homogenous Mixture (Solutions)
Components are distributed uniformly, and composition and appearance are uniform
Hetergenous Mixture (Immiscible Liquids)
Components are not distributed uniformly and the mixture has regions of different compositions.
Sublimation
Transformation of a solid directly into a gas.
Deposition
Transformation of a gas directly into a solid
Ionic Compound
A compound that consists of a characteristic ratio of positive and negative ions.
Energy
the capacity to do work (w)
Work (w)
The transfer of energy to move an object over a distance
Kinetic Energy (KE)
The energy of an object in motion because of it’s mass (m) and speed (u)
Kinetic Energy Formula
KE = 1/2mu²
Potential Energy (PE)
Energy stored in an object because of its position/composition
Coulomb Potential
Models potential energy between two charged particles at rest. Electrostatic potential depends on the product of the charges on each particle, divided by the distance between them.
Coulomb Potential Equation
PE = kQ1Q2/d
Potential energy is negative when…
Two particles have opposite charges. They carry the most negative energy and are the most stable
Potential energy is positive when…
Two particles have similar charges. They carry the most positive energy, and are the most stable.
Heat
Transfer of energy between objects that occurs because of differences in their temperatures. It spontaneously transfers from a warm object to a cooler one.
Kinetic energy increases with…
Temperature