Chemistry 101 Matter, Formulas and Models, Energy

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32 Terms

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Atoms

The smallest particle of an element that cannot be chemically or mechanically divided into smaller particles.

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Element

A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances

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Compound

A pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically bonded in fixed proportion.

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Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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Mass (m)

The property that defines the quantity of matter in an object

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Pure Substance

Matter that has a constant composition and can’t be broken down into simpler matter by an physical process.

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Physical Process/Change

Transformation of matter that doesn’t alter the chemical identity of the substance

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Physical Property

Property of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance to another substance.

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Extensive Properties

A property that varies with the amount of a substance. Ex. Width, Mass, volume

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Density (d)

m/v

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Intensive Property

Property that is independent of the amount of substance

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Chemical Reaction

Conversion of one or more substances into one or more different substances

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Chemical Property

Property of a substance that can only be observed by reacting the substance with something to form another substance

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Molecule

Collection of chemically bonded atoms (no net electrical charge)

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Ion

Particle consisting of one or more atoms that has a net positive or negative charge

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Mixture

A combination of pure substances in various proportions where the individual substances retain their chemical identities and can be separated through a physical process

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Homogenous Mixture (Solutions)

Components are distributed uniformly, and composition and appearance are uniform

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Hetergenous Mixture (Immiscible Liquids)

Components are not distributed uniformly and the mixture has regions of different compositions.

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Sublimation

Transformation of a solid directly into a gas.

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Deposition

Transformation of a gas directly into a solid

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Ionic Compound

A compound that consists of a characteristic ratio of positive and negative ions.

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Energy

the capacity to do work (w)

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Work (w)

The transfer of energy to move an object over a distance

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Kinetic Energy (KE)

The energy of an object in motion because of it’s mass (m) and speed (u)

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Kinetic Energy Formula

KE = 1/2mu²

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Potential Energy (PE)

Energy stored in an object because of its position/composition

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Coulomb Potential

Models potential energy between two charged particles at rest. Electrostatic potential depends on the product of the charges on each particle, divided by the distance between them.

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Coulomb Potential Equation

PE = kQ1Q2/d

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Potential energy is negative when…

Two particles have opposite charges. They carry the most negative energy and are the most stable

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Potential energy is positive when…

Two particles have similar charges. They carry the most positive energy, and are the most stable.

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Heat

Transfer of energy between objects that occurs because of differences in their temperatures. It spontaneously transfers from a warm object to a cooler one.

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Kinetic energy increases with…

Temperature