Chapter 13/14 vocabulary - APUSGOV

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53 Terms

1
approval rating
Gauged by pollsters asking whether the respondent approves, yes or no, of the president's job performance
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2
benchmark polls
the first type of poll used by political campaign; used to measure support for a candidate and to gather information about the issues people care about
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3
entrance polls
A poll conducted outside polling places on election day to publicly predict the outcome of the election before voters have cast their votes
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4
exit polls
A poll conducted outside polling places on election day to publicly predict the outcome of the election after voters have cast their votes
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5
focus group
a small group of citizens-10 to 40 people-who are gathered to hold conversations about issues or candidates
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6
public opinion polls
interviews or surveys that are used to gauge attitudes on issues or support for candidates in an election in a cross-section of the population
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7
push polling
a controversial/deceptive way to influence potential voters; the caller offers positive points about the candidate and/or negative points about the opponent
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8
random-digit dialing
A technique used by pollsters in which a computer places random calls to possible numbers in a given area until enough people respond to establish a sample
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9
random sample
method of selecting from a universe in which each person has an equal chance of selection into the sample
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10
representative sample (universe)
a group of people meant to represent the large group in question
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11
sampling error (margin of error)
the difference between poll results
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12
sampling techniques
The method used to select people randomly and fairly from the population to assure an accurate poll
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13
tracking polls
Ask people questions to measure how prospective voters feel about an issue and how they may vote on election day
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14
weighting (stratification)
making sure demographic groups are properly represented in a sample
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15
bandwagon effect
a shift of support to a candidate or position holding the lead in public opinion polls and therefore believed to be endorsed by many people
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16
Bradley effect
tendency of white voters to not express opposition to a black candidate to pollsters, in order to not appear racist
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17
non-response bias
a phenomenon in which the results of polls become non-representative because the participants disproportionately possess certain traits which affect the outcome
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18
social desirability bias
the tendency for respondents and declared voters to tell pollsters what they think the pollsters want to hear
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19
conservative
describes those who believe in following tradition and having reverence for authority
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20
ideology
a comprehensive and mutually consistent set of ideas
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21
liberal
being open to allowing the government to act flexibly and expand beyond established constraints
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22
libertarian
voters who generally oppose government intervention or regulation
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23
moderate
the term used to describe individuals who are somewhere in between on the ideological spectrum, and never fall fully into one camp or the other
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24
populist
will generally attend a Protestant church and follow fundamental Christian ideas
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25
progressive
describes individuals who are aligned with labor unions and believe in workers rights over corporate rights; also believe that the wealthier classes should pay a much larger percentage of taxes than they currently do
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26
saliency
intense importance to an individual or a group
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27
valence issues
concerns or policies that are viewed in the same way by people with a variety of ideologies
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28
wedge issues
used by political groups in strategic ways to gather support for an issue, especially among those who have yet to develop strong opinions
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29
agenda
a list of potential policy ideas, bills, or plans to improve society
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30
majoritarian
system of policy making in which those with a majority hold authority
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31
globalization
the process of an ever-expanding and increasingly interactive world economy
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32
progressive tax
A tax for which one's tax rate increases as income increases
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33
supply side economics
An economic philosophy that believes that the government should leave as much of the money supply as possible to the people, letting the laws of economics govern the marketplace
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34
trade balance
the value of a nation's exports minus the value of its imports
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35
North American Free Trade Agreement (1994)
lifted trade barriers and removed import taxes among the US, Canada, and Mexico
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36
bonds
Certificates of debt that carry a promise to buy back the bonds at a higher price
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37
discount rate
the interest rate at which the government loans actual dollars to commercial banks
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38
Federal Reserve Board
the board of seven "governors" appointed by the president and approved by the Senate for staggered 14-year terms
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39
fiscal policy
the part of economic policy that is concerned with government spending and taxation
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40
flat tax
taxes citizens at the same rate
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41
inflation
rising prices and devaluation of the dollar
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42
Internal Revenue Service
The branch of the U.S. Treasury Department in charge of overseeing the process of collecting taxes
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43
monetary policy
how the government manages the supply and demand of its currency and thus the value of the dollar
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44
multiplier effect
a mechanism by which an increase in spending results in an economic growth greater than the amount of spending
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45
reserve requirements
the amount of cash banks must keep in their vaults
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46
Sixteenth Amendment (1913)
Trumped the Court and allows Congress to tax people's incomes
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47
entitlements
government services Congress has promised by law to citizens
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48
mandatory spending
Required govt spending to those who are legally "entitled" to those funds
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49
social welfare
support for disadvantaged people to meet their basic needs
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50
Medicaid
a health care program for the impoverished who cannot afford necessary medical expenses
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51
Medicare
a government-run health insurance program for citizens over 65 years old
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52
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
provides numerous rights and protections that make health coverage more fair and easy to understand; Obamacare
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53
Social Security Act (1935)
the largest entitlement program passed by Congress amid the Great Depression to create a federal safety net for the elderly and those out of work
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