AP Bio Unit 5

Phenotype

Physical look

Genotype

Genes inside that make a physical look

Epistasis

Caused by multiple genes that interact to determine a phenotype

Organisms

Linked by line of descent due to common ancestry

Genetic Code

Found in the molecules of DNA and RNA

Gregor Mendel

Father of genes; studied pea plants to see different phenotypes learned people have dominant and recessive genes

Homozygous

Pair of genes with same recessive or dominant (TT, tt)

Heterozygous

Pair of genes with different recessive or dominant (Tt)

Meiosis

Produces 4 genetically unique daughter cells that are haploid

Basis of sexual reproduction

Meiosis is…

Sexual or asexual reproduction

Eukaryotic organisms use…

Intermediate phenotypes

Occur when incomplete dominance happens

Independent assortment

Alleles for one gene sort independently

Pedigrees

Visual maps pf phenotypes using ancestral relationships

One gene can silence the other

DNA sequences the same but has different outcomes

Epigenetics

Can change with what we eat, smoke, drink, etc

Transgenerational

What your grandparents do can effect you

Multiple Alleles

More than two alleles control a trait

Antigens

Stimulates an immune response when a foreign substance enters the body; produces antibodies

Antibodies

“Soldiers”; destroy foreign substances in the body

RH system

RH is an antigen that is sometimes present on the surface of red blood cells

Agglutination

Antibodies clump (ex. A blood gets B blood infusion causing antibodies to attack)

Sex-linked traits

Determined by genes in the sex chromosomes

Recombination

Chromosomes get unlinked in meiosis

Maternally inherited

99.9% of cell build up, with distinction mitochondrial and chloroplast genes all inherited….