HRE - (midterm coverage_Q1 and Q2)

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Local streets

to access private property like residences, shops and industries. Traffic originates here or ends here

Collector streets

for collection and distribution of traffic through local streets in residential areas

Sub-arterial streets

similar to arterial roads but with less spacing.

Arterial streets

for connecting the central area to expressways.

Road

A convenient way over which vehicles may lawfully pass for going from one place to another.

Street

A road within a town or a residential locality with buildings on one or both sides.

Country road

Road connecting one place to another on the country-side.

Grid Iron Pattern

This is also known as rectangular or block pattern and is perhaps the simplest.

Radial Pattern

In this pattern, roads emanate from a central focal area, which may be a business center or an important public building. In order to ease the congestion in the focal area, ring roads are provided; there can be several such roads—inner, intermediate and outer—depending on the requirements of the traffic.

Hexagonal Pattern

The basic figure of the road network in this case is a ________; has at least one side common with an adjacent pattern

Economic Studies

Details of the existing facilities, their utility, distribution of the existing population in the area, population growth trends, existing products in the agricultural and industrial sectors, future trends of development in these sectors, existing communication and education facilities, and the per capita income are to be collected.

Financial Studies

source of income; Various financial aspects such as the sources of funding, estimated revenue from taxes on vehicles, toll tax, and indirect benefits of raising the living standards of the people due to the proposed road network are considered.

Traffic or road use studies

Details of the existing road facilities, traffic volume in vehicles per day, traffic flow patterns, classes of traffic such as passenger cars, busses and trucks, loads carried, average speeds, anticipated future trends of traffic growth, and other traffic-related studies are to be conducted.

Engineering studies

These include study of the topography, soil, road life and special problems, if any, relating to construction, drainage and maintenance.

1. Population served by the road
2. Productivity served by the road network

Factors for obtaining the utility per length of road are:

Route planning phase

is the time to evaluate environmental and economic tradeoffs and should set the stage for the remainder of the road development process.

alignment

The laying out of the centre line of a proposed highway on the ground is called its ‘________’.

**Safety**

should be the primary consideration for road users; the stability of natural slopes and man-made slopes for embankments and cuttings should be ensured to prevent possible accidents.

**Directness**

The aligned route between end points should be as direct as possible and result in the minimum possible length under the circumstances.

**Map Study**

Topographic maps are available with 15 to 30 meters contour intervals. Valleys, ponds or lakes etc. can be avoided and approximate position of bridges etc. can be planned.

**Preliminary Survey**

This is carried out to collect all the physical information which are necessary in connection with the proposed highway alignment.

**Final location and detailed survey**

The center line of road finalized is translated on the ground during location survey. Detailed survey is done to fix temporary benchmark and leveling work is used for drainage and earthwork calculations

Ease of Construction, Maintenance, & Operation

The alignment should be such that it is easy to construct, maintain and operate the Highway. The curves and gradient should be easy.

6%

If snow and ice are factors, the superelevation rate should not exceed______ and should not further reduced on grades to accommodate slow truck traffic.

32 kph

Superelevation should not be used for design speed less than _________.

15 meter

A minimum centerline radius of curvature for roads should be _________ except for some recreation and administrative roads.

24 kph

For low volume roads with design speed of ______ or less, horizontal alignment that approximates the geometric requirements of circular curves and tangents may be used.

8%

The most desirable combination of grade and other design elements should be determined early in the road location phase with additional caution exercised when grades exceed _______.

10%

Vertical alignment, or grade; is critical concern because of its potential for environmental damage and becomes increasingly important for grades exceeding _______.

Expressways

For movement of heavy volume of traffic.

Design Speed

Is defined as a selected rate of travel used to determine the various geometric features of the roadway.

Design Vehicle

Is a selected motor vehicle whose weight, dimensions, and operating characteristics are used to establish highway design controls to accommodate vehicles of a designated type.

Sight Distance

Is the roadway ahead that is visible to the driver.

Stopping Sight Distance

Is the distance ahead that a motorist should be able to see so that the vehicle can be brought safely to a stop short of an obstruction or foreign object on the road.

Shoulder

Is the portion of the roadway contiguous with the travelled way for accommodation of stopped vehicles, for emergency use, and for lateral support of subbase, base and surface courses.

Guard Rails

Are longitudinal barriers placed on the outside of sharp curves and at sections with high fills. Their main function is to restrain and redirect errant vehicles and prevent them from leaving the roadway.

4 ft.

Sidewalks should have a minimum clear width of _______ in residential areas.

4 — 8 ft.

Sidewalks should have a width ranging _______ in commercial areas.

Median

Is the section of a divided highway that separates the lanes in opposing directions.

Curbs

Are raised structures made of either Portland cement concrete or bituminous concrete that are used mainly on urban highways to delineate pavement edges and pedestrian walkways

Cutting

Is the process of excavating earth material from a work location to achieve the desired topography.

Filling

Is the process of moving the excavated material or additional earth material to a work location to achieve the desired topography.

shoulder

Median

Name the following: