Exam 1: Ch. 1 - 4

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74 Terms

1
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  1. Define serous membrane

  2. What are the two layers of serous membrane?

  3. What is between the two layers?

Serous membrane is a thin layer of tissue that lines internal body cavities and structures in body cavities.

  • 1st layer (inner layer): Visceral layer

    • the membrane farthest the wall of the body

  • 2nd layer (outer layer): Parietal layer

    • the membrane nearest the wall of the body

Between the two layers, there is fluid called serous fluid.

2
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What is the serous membrane of the lungs?

Pleura

3
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What is the serous membrane of the heart?

Pericardium

4
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What is the serous membrane of the abdominal system?

Peritoneum

5
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What is the mediastinum?

The area in the thoracic cavity that contains all organs of the cavity except the lungs.

6
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Name the 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue.

  1. Cellularity

  2. Polarity

  3. Attachment

  4. Avascular

  5. Arranged in Sheets

  6. Regeneration

7
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Define cellularity, a characteristic of epithelial tissue.

Cellularity

  • cells are bound close together

  • no intercellular space (inter = between)

8
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Define polarity, a characteristic of epithelial tissue.

Polarity

  • have an exposed surface (apical)

  • have an attached surface

9
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Define attachment, a characteristic of epithelial tissue.

Attachment

  • basal layer is attached to the basal lamina

10
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What are the two parts in the Basement Membrane in epithelial tissue?

Basement membrane

  1. Basil lamina - held down by epithelial cells

  2. Reticular fibers - collagen fibers laid down by connective tissue

11
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Epithelial tissue is highly innervated. What does this mean?

Epithelial tissue has sensory neurons

  • which are important to help w/ detecting sensations

  • epithelial tissue has nerve endings: sensory neurons send signals into the brain

12
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What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue?

Functions of Epithelial Tissue:

  • Provides physical protection

  • Controls permeability

  • Provides sensation

  • Produces secretions

13
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Name 3 specializations of Epithelial Cells. Explain what they do.

  1. Microvilli

  • increases surface area

  1. Stereocilia

  • long microvilli, but fewer

  1. Ciliated Epithelium

  • moves substances over the apical (exposed) surface of the cells

14
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What are glands?

Glands are specialized epithelial cells (to make secretions).

15
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What are the two types of glands?

  1. Endocrine glands - into blood (secrete hormones)

  2. Exocrine glands - into ducts (travel closer to reach destination)

16
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What are the 3 types of exocrine glands?

  1. Merocrine

  2. Apocrine

  3. Holocrine

17
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Define merocrine glands.

  • secretions are packaged in tiny vesicles & leave the cell by exocytosis

  • if sweat glands secrete in this mode, they’re important for control or thermoregulation

18
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Define apocrine glands.

  • secretory vesicles are within the cytoplasm

  • mammary glands secrete in this mode & sweat glands

19
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Define holocrine glands.

  • secretion lost within the entire cell & dumped into the duct

20
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What are goblet cells?

Goblet cells are specialized epithelial tissue that secrete mucus (found in the trachea & intestines)

21
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What are sebaceous glands?

Sebaceous glands

  • secrete sebum - only lubricant secreted on skin

22
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Simple glands vs compound glands

  1. Simple glands - no branching ducts

  2. Compound glands - various branching ducts

*Ducts are not always going to be linear — they can be coiling, go into connective tissue, or they can branch

23
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Serous Membrane (serosa)

  1. Where is the membrane located?

  2. What is its function?

Serous Membrane

  • Found in ventral body cavities

  • Secretes serous fluid

  • 3 serous membranes that line the ventral body cavities: Pleura (lungs) pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominal)

  • Has 2 layers: visceral & parietal

24
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Mucous Membrane (mucosa)

  1. Where is the membrane located?

  2. What is its function?

Mucous Membrane

  • Found in digestive & respiratory tracts

  • Secretes mucus

25
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Cutaneous Membrane

  1. Where is the membrane located?

  2. What is its function?

Cutaneous Membrane

  • Found in skin

  • Protection for underlying tissue

26
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Synovial Membrane

  1. Where is the membrane located?

  2. What is its function?

Synovial Membrane

  • Found in joints

  • Lubricates

27
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What are the functions of Connective Tissue?

Functions of Connective Tissue

  • Structural support - connects cells & organs

  • Transporting fluid and dissolved materials

  • Protecting organs

  • Supporting, surrounding, & interconnecting other tissues

  • Storing energy

  • Defending the body from microorganisms

28
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What are adipocytes?

Adipocytes are fat containing cells that make adipose tissue to protect organs

29
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What are mast cells?

Mast cells reside in connective tissue

  • Release histamine

  • Move around & are part of the immune system

30
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What are the 3 components of Connective Tissue?

  1. Cells

  2. Ground substance

  3. Fibers

31
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What cells are in connective tissue?

  • Fibroblasts → Fibers

  • Fibrocytes → maintain matrix

32
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Define ground substance, a component of connective tissue.

Ground Substance

  • has H2O, glycoproteins, & proteoglycans

  • can be either: gel-like or solid

33
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What are the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue?

  1. Collagen fibers

  • strongest of all fibers

  • “rope-like” & appears thick

  • tensile strength (resist breackage)

  1. Reticular fibers

  • smaller, not as thick

  • webby appearance - interwoven

  1. Elastic fibers

  • made of protein called elastin

  • able to recoil (think of elastic band)

  • thinner than collagen fibers

34
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What is the matrix of all connective tissue?

Matrix = ground substance + fibers

(in the matrix, we see cells)

35
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What are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?

  1. Connective Tissue Proper

  • has a matrix of fibers - loose fibers & dense fibers

  1. Fluid Connective Tissue

  • has a matrix of liquid

  1. Supporting Connective Tissue

  • has a matrix consisting of a gel or a solid - cartilage & bone

36
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Name 3 types of cartilage.

  1. Hyaline Cartilage

  2. Elastic Cartilage

  3. Fibrocartilage

37
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What is the matrix of cartilage?

Matrix of Cartilage:

Glycosaminoglycans + polysaccharides = chondroitin sulfates

  • Chondroitin sulfates are important to all cartilage in the body

  • Chondrocytes = cells of cartilage found in spaces called lacuna

38
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What is the only connective tissue that is avascular?

Cartilage = avascular

  • it doesn’t have blood vessels of its own

39
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What is perichondrium?

Perichondrium

  • a membrane that seperates cartilage from other connective tissue

40
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Define tendons.

Tendons

  • Function: attach skeletal muscle to bones

  • made of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

41
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Define ligaments.

Ligaments

  • Function: attach bone to bone

  • made of Dense Regular Connective Tissue

42
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Define aponeurosis.

Aponeurosis

  • Function: attach muscle to muscle

  • Dense regular connective tissue

43
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Define fascia.

Fascia

  • thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue - super thin

  • found between skin and muscles

44
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What are the functions of the skin?

Functions of Skin:

  • Protection (cushions and insulations using adipose tissue)

  • Regulation (of body temperatures)

  • Excretion (of waste in sweat)

  • Vitamin D production

  • Sensory reception

45
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What is the function of hair follicles?

Hair Follicles

  • produce hairs that protect the skull

  • produce hairs that provide delicate touch sensations on general body surface

46
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What is the function of exocrine glands in the skin?

Exocrine Glands in Skin

  • assist in thermoregulation

  • excrete wastes

  • lubricate epidermis

47
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What is the function of nails?

Nails

  • protect and support tips of fingers & toes

48
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What are the components of the cutaneous membrane (aka skin)?

Cutaneous Membrane (skin)

  1. Epidermis (outermost part of skin)

  2. Dermis (connective tissue)

    • papillary & reticular layer

  1. Subcutaneous layer

    • aka Hypodermis (under your skin)

    • lots of adipose tissue

49
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Since the skin is epithelial tissue & avascular, how does the skin get its oxygen & nutrients?

Cutaneous plexus: blood vessels in the skin

  • Located in the basement membrane

50
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What are the 5 layers of Epidermis?

Layers of Epidermis (top to bottom)

  1. Stratum corneum

  2. Stratum lucidum

  3. Stratum granulosum

  4. Stratum spinosum

  5. Stratum basale

→ Then… basement membrane (source of blood vessel

Then… Dermis (CT)

51
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What is the difference between thick and thin skin?

Thick skin

  • has all 5 layers of epidermis

  • found in areas with no hair

  • stratum corneum appears thicker

Thin skin

  • only has 4 layers of epidermis — it’s missing stratum lucidum

  • found in areas with hair

  • stratum corneum appears thinner

Tip: look to the region of the stratum lucidum. If it is thick skin you can see it stain dark purple.

52
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What lies between the dermis and epidermis of the skin?

The basement membrane acts as a barrier between the dermis & epidermis — it is important for all the proteins in the dermis to stay there

53
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What can we see as fingerprints?

The dermis papilla projects upwards and show projections on the skin.

54
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What do melanocytes do in the stratum basale?

Melanocytes in Stratum Basale

  • secrete melanin, a pigment

  • found in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale

55
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What do merkel cells do in the stratum basale?

Merkel Cell in Stratum Basale

  • has a sensory receptor called tactile disc

  • when you touch your skin, the merkel cell’s tactile disc sends a message to sensory cell and takes that into to the brain

56
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What happens in the stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Stratum Basale

  • stem cells continuously replicate to new skin cells

  • cells get pushed up to the next layer…

57
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What happens in the stratum spinosum?

Stratum spinosum

  • thickest layer of epidermis

  • all keratinocytes = secrete keratin

  • has Langerhan cells

  • as these keratinocytes move up (because new cells are being made), the cells become filled with keratin - forming a new, flat layer above…

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What happens in the stratum granulosum?

Stratum granulosum

  • cells in this layer are flatter and have granules that release lipids for waterproofing the epidermis

59
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What happens in the stratum lucidum?

Stratum lucidum

  • only present with thick skin

  • stains purple

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What happens in the stratum corneum?

Stratum corneum

  • every cell here is completely dead and they start lifting off & shed

61
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What are the two layers of the dermis?

Dermis

  1. Papillary layer (superficial 20%)

  2. Reticular layer (deep 80%)

62
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Explain the dermis of the skin.

Dermis

  • strong, flexible connective tissue (collagen, elastin, reticular)

  • blood vessels, nerves, glands found in the dermis — highly vascular (unlike epidermis)

63
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What is the arrector pili-smooth muscle?

Arrector pili-smooth muscle

  • hair follicles contract when scared or cold, which causes hair to stand upright and get goosebumps

64
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What are the functions of hair?

Functions of Hair

  • protect from UV light

  • insulate

  • prevent entry of particles

65
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What does sebum do for hair?

  • Sebum is made by the cells in the sebaceous glands discharged into the shaft of hair as it grows

  • Sebum lubricates the skin

66
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Define folliculitis.

Folliculitis

  • infection in the hair follicle

67
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What is the function of sweat glands (aka sudoriferous glands)?

  • sweat is 99% water and contains: wastes & sodium chloride

  • functions of sweat glands: thermoregulation, excretion, protection

68
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What are the 2 types of sweat glands and where are they found?

Sweat Glands:

  1. Merocrine glands

    • found in most areas of the body

  2. Apocrine glands

    • found in areas w/ stinky sweat (armpits, groin)

69
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Define skin cancer. What are two types of skin cancer?

Skin Cancer

  • Abnormal growth of skin cells, often caused by exposure to UV radiation (sun)

  1. Basal cell carcinoma

    • most common skin cancer

    • very slow growing

  1. Malignant Melanoma

    • spread very quickly, does not respond to chemo

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What are the ABCDE’s of Skin Melanoma?

A: Asymmetry

B: Border irregularity

C: Color

D: ¼ inch Diameter

E: Evolution

71
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What is albinism?

Albinism

  • genetic disorder, melanocytes aren’t making melanin

72
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What is cyanosis?

Cyanosis

  • blue-ish color skin - lack of oxygen

73
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What is erythema?

Erythema

  • redness of the skin - inflammation, exercise, etc.

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What is pallor?

Pallor

  • paleness, lack of color - anemia or low blood pressure