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Define serous membrane
What are the two layers of serous membrane?
What is between the two layers?
Serous membrane is a thin layer of tissue that lines internal body cavities and structures in body cavities.
1st layer (inner layer): Visceral layer
the membrane farthest the wall of the body
2nd layer (outer layer): Parietal layer
the membrane nearest the wall of the body
Between the two layers, there is fluid called serous fluid.
What is the serous membrane of the lungs?
Pleura
What is the serous membrane of the heart?
Pericardium
What is the serous membrane of the abdominal system?
Peritoneum
What is the mediastinum?
The area in the thoracic cavity that contains all organs of the cavity except the lungs.
Name the 6 characteristics of Epithelial Tissue.
Cellularity
Polarity
Attachment
Avascular
Arranged in Sheets
Regeneration
Define cellularity, a characteristic of epithelial tissue.
Cellularity
cells are bound close together
no intercellular space (inter = between)
Define polarity, a characteristic of epithelial tissue.
Polarity
have an exposed surface (apical)
have an attached surface
Define attachment, a characteristic of epithelial tissue.
Attachment
basal layer is attached to the basal lamina
What are the two parts in the Basement Membrane in epithelial tissue?
Basement membrane
Basil lamina - held down by epithelial cells
Reticular fibers - collagen fibers laid down by connective tissue
Epithelial tissue is highly innervated. What does this mean?
Epithelial tissue has sensory neurons
which are important to help w/ detecting sensations
epithelial tissue has nerve endings: sensory neurons send signals into the brain
What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue?
Functions of Epithelial Tissue:
Provides physical protection
Controls permeability
Provides sensation
Produces secretions
Name 3 specializations of Epithelial Cells. Explain what they do.
Microvilli
increases surface area
Stereocilia
long microvilli, but fewer
Ciliated Epithelium
moves substances over the apical (exposed) surface of the cells
What are glands?
Glands are specialized epithelial cells (to make secretions).
What are the two types of glands?
Endocrine glands - into blood (secrete hormones)
Exocrine glands - into ducts (travel closer to reach destination)
What are the 3 types of exocrine glands?
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
Define merocrine glands.
secretions are packaged in tiny vesicles & leave the cell by exocytosis
if sweat glands secrete in this mode, they’re important for control or thermoregulation
Define apocrine glands.
secretory vesicles are within the cytoplasm
mammary glands secrete in this mode & sweat glands
Define holocrine glands.
secretion lost within the entire cell & dumped into the duct
What are goblet cells?
Goblet cells are specialized epithelial tissue that secrete mucus (found in the trachea & intestines)
What are sebaceous glands?
Sebaceous glands
secrete sebum - only lubricant secreted on skin
Simple glands vs compound glands
Simple glands - no branching ducts
Compound glands - various branching ducts
*Ducts are not always going to be linear — they can be coiling, go into connective tissue, or they can branch
Serous Membrane (serosa)
Where is the membrane located?
What is its function?
Serous Membrane
Found in ventral body cavities
Secretes serous fluid
3 serous membranes that line the ventral body cavities: Pleura (lungs) pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominal)
Has 2 layers: visceral & parietal
Mucous Membrane (mucosa)
Where is the membrane located?
What is its function?
Mucous Membrane
Found in digestive & respiratory tracts
Secretes mucus
Cutaneous Membrane
Where is the membrane located?
What is its function?
Cutaneous Membrane
Found in skin
Protection for underlying tissue
Synovial Membrane
Where is the membrane located?
What is its function?
Synovial Membrane
Found in joints
Lubricates
What are the functions of Connective Tissue?
Functions of Connective Tissue
Structural support - connects cells & organs
Transporting fluid and dissolved materials
Protecting organs
Supporting, surrounding, & interconnecting other tissues
Storing energy
Defending the body from microorganisms
What are adipocytes?
Adipocytes are fat containing cells that make adipose tissue to protect organs
What are mast cells?
Mast cells reside in connective tissue
Release histamine
Move around & are part of the immune system
What are the 3 components of Connective Tissue?
Cells
Ground substance
Fibers
What cells are in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts → Fibers
Fibrocytes → maintain matrix
Define ground substance, a component of connective tissue.
Ground Substance
has H2O, glycoproteins, & proteoglycans
can be either: gel-like or solid
What are the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue?
Collagen fibers
strongest of all fibers
“rope-like” & appears thick
tensile strength (resist breackage)
Reticular fibers
smaller, not as thick
webby appearance - interwoven
Elastic fibers
made of protein called elastin
able to recoil (think of elastic band)
thinner than collagen fibers
What is the matrix of all connective tissue?
Matrix = ground substance + fibers
(in the matrix, we see cells)
What are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?
Connective Tissue Proper
has a matrix of fibers - loose fibers & dense fibers
Fluid Connective Tissue
has a matrix of liquid
Supporting Connective Tissue
has a matrix consisting of a gel or a solid - cartilage & bone
Name 3 types of cartilage.
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
What is the matrix of cartilage?
Matrix of Cartilage:
Glycosaminoglycans + polysaccharides = chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin sulfates are important to all cartilage in the body
Chondrocytes = cells of cartilage found in spaces called lacuna
What is the only connective tissue that is avascular?
Cartilage = avascular
it doesn’t have blood vessels of its own
What is perichondrium?
Perichondrium
a membrane that seperates cartilage from other connective tissue
Define tendons.
Tendons
Function: attach skeletal muscle to bones
made of Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Define ligaments.
Ligaments
Function: attach bone to bone
made of Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Define aponeurosis.
Aponeurosis
Function: attach muscle to muscle
Dense regular connective tissue
Define fascia.
Fascia
thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue - super thin
found between skin and muscles
What are the functions of the skin?
Functions of Skin:
Protection (cushions and insulations using adipose tissue)
Regulation (of body temperatures)
Excretion (of waste in sweat)
Vitamin D production
Sensory reception
What is the function of hair follicles?
Hair Follicles
produce hairs that protect the skull
produce hairs that provide delicate touch sensations on general body surface
What is the function of exocrine glands in the skin?
Exocrine Glands in Skin
assist in thermoregulation
excrete wastes
lubricate epidermis
What is the function of nails?
Nails
protect and support tips of fingers & toes
What are the components of the cutaneous membrane (aka skin)?
Cutaneous Membrane (skin)
Epidermis (outermost part of skin)
Dermis (connective tissue)
papillary & reticular layer
Subcutaneous layer
aka Hypodermis (under your skin)
lots of adipose tissue
Since the skin is epithelial tissue & avascular, how does the skin get its oxygen & nutrients?
Cutaneous plexus: blood vessels in the skin
Located in the basement membrane
What are the 5 layers of Epidermis?
Layers of Epidermis (top to bottom)
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
→ Then… basement membrane (source of blood vessel
Then… Dermis (CT)
What is the difference between thick and thin skin?
Thick skin
has all 5 layers of epidermis
found in areas with no hair
stratum corneum appears thicker
Thin skin
only has 4 layers of epidermis — it’s missing stratum lucidum
found in areas with hair
stratum corneum appears thinner
Tip: look to the region of the stratum lucidum. If it is thick skin you can see it stain dark purple.
What lies between the dermis and epidermis of the skin?
The basement membrane acts as a barrier between the dermis & epidermis — it is important for all the proteins in the dermis to stay there
What can we see as fingerprints?
The dermis papilla projects upwards and show projections on the skin.
What do melanocytes do in the stratum basale?
Melanocytes in Stratum Basale
secrete melanin, a pigment
found in the deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale
What do merkel cells do in the stratum basale?
Merkel Cell in Stratum Basale
has a sensory receptor called tactile disc
when you touch your skin, the merkel cell’s tactile disc sends a message to sensory cell and takes that into to the brain
What happens in the stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum Basale
stem cells continuously replicate to new skin cells
cells get pushed up to the next layer…
What happens in the stratum spinosum?
Stratum spinosum
thickest layer of epidermis
all keratinocytes = secrete keratin
has Langerhan cells
as these keratinocytes move up (because new cells are being made), the cells become filled with keratin - forming a new, flat layer above…
What happens in the stratum granulosum?
Stratum granulosum
cells in this layer are flatter and have granules that release lipids for waterproofing the epidermis
What happens in the stratum lucidum?
Stratum lucidum
only present with thick skin
stains purple
What happens in the stratum corneum?
Stratum corneum
every cell here is completely dead and they start lifting off & shed
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Dermis
Papillary layer (superficial 20%)
Reticular layer (deep 80%)
Explain the dermis of the skin.
Dermis
strong, flexible connective tissue (collagen, elastin, reticular)
blood vessels, nerves, glands found in the dermis — highly vascular (unlike epidermis)
What is the arrector pili-smooth muscle?
Arrector pili-smooth muscle
hair follicles contract when scared or cold, which causes hair to stand upright and get goosebumps
What are the functions of hair?
Functions of Hair
protect from UV light
insulate
prevent entry of particles
What does sebum do for hair?
Sebum is made by the cells in the sebaceous glands discharged into the shaft of hair as it grows
Sebum lubricates the skin
Define folliculitis.
Folliculitis
infection in the hair follicle
What is the function of sweat glands (aka sudoriferous glands)?
sweat is 99% water and contains: wastes & sodium chloride
functions of sweat glands: thermoregulation, excretion, protection
What are the 2 types of sweat glands and where are they found?
Sweat Glands:
Merocrine glands
found in most areas of the body
Apocrine glands
found in areas w/ stinky sweat (armpits, groin)
Define skin cancer. What are two types of skin cancer?
Skin Cancer
Abnormal growth of skin cells, often caused by exposure to UV radiation (sun)
Basal cell carcinoma
most common skin cancer
very slow growing
Malignant Melanoma
spread very quickly, does not respond to chemo
What are the ABCDE’s of Skin Melanoma?
A: Asymmetry
B: Border irregularity
C: Color
D: ¼ inch Diameter
E: Evolution
What is albinism?
Albinism
genetic disorder, melanocytes aren’t making melanin
What is cyanosis?
Cyanosis
blue-ish color skin - lack of oxygen
What is erythema?
Erythema
redness of the skin - inflammation, exercise, etc.
What is pallor?
Pallor
paleness, lack of color - anemia or low blood pressure