Intro to CRJU CH2

What is the purpose of crime data in social policy?

To analyze and evaluate existing programs, design new crime-control initiatives, develop funding requests, and plan new laws.

What are some concerns regarding the objectivity of crime statistics?

Crime statistics can be biased based on which crimes are included, and public opinion may be influenced by the news media.

What is the Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR)?

A program run by the FBI that collects crime data from approximately 16,800 law enforcement agencies.

When was the UCR program authorized?

In 1930 by Congress.

What significant change occurred in the UCR in 2004?

The use of the Crime Index was discontinued.

What is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?

An incident-driven system that began in 1988 to provide more detailed crime data than the original UCR.

What are Group A and Group B offenses in NIBRS?

NIBRS categorizes crimes into 52 Group A offenses and 10 Group B offenses, replacing traditional distinctions.

What is the National Crime Statistics Exchange (NCS-X)?

An initiative established to help transition to NIBRS-only data format by 2021.

What are the three major shifts in crime rates since the UCR program began?

A sharp decrease in the early 1940s, a dramatic increase from the 1960s to 1989, and a significant decrease from 1991 to 2013.

What are the categories of crimes reported in UCR/NIBRS?

Violent/personal crimes (e.g., murder, rape) and property crimes (e.g., motor vehicle theft, burglary).

What is the definition of murder?

The unlawful killing of one human being by another.

What distinguishes first-degree murder from second-degree murder?

First-degree murder is planned, while second-degree murder occurs in the heat of the moment.

What is the definition of rape according to the FBI?

Unlawful sexual intercourse achieved through force and without consent.

What is robbery?

The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property in the immediate possession of another by force or violence.

What is aggravated assault?

Assault involving a weapon or where the victim requires medical assistance.

What is burglary?

Unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft.

What is larceny-theft?

Theft of valuable items of any dollar amount, often including theft from motor vehicles.

What is identity theft?

Unauthorized access to personal information, which became a federal crime in 1998.

What is motor vehicle theft?

Theft of self-propelled vehicles that run on the ground, often reported due to insurance requirements.

What is arson?

Willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud.

What are special categories of crime?

Includes crimes against women, the elderly, hate crimes, corporate crime, organized crime, gun crime, drug crime, cybercrime, and terrorism.

What is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

A survey that began in 1972 to uncover unreported crimes based on victim self-reports.

What is a major limitation of the UCR and NCVS?

Both systems may contain inaccuracies due to underreporting and subjective responses.

What is the clearance rate in crime statistics?

The percentage of reported crimes that have been cleared by arrest or exceptional means.