BIO Course 1 test

MR.GREHN

The necessary requirements for human life

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Reproduction

The production of offspring

Growth

An irreversible increase in size

Response

A reaction to a stimulus

Excretion

Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Nutrition

The process by which your body takes in and uses food

Chemical composition

The types, quantities, and arrangements of elements that make up a substance.

Genectic information

DNA and RNA

Viruses

Tiny particles, smaller than bacteria and other pathogens, which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells

Hierarchical levels organisation in life

AMMOCTOOO

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Marcomolecules

Large molecules

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Cell

Basic unit of life

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

Organ system

Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organism

A living thing

The five kingdoms

Animal (Animalia), Plants (Plantae), Fungi, Protoctista, & Bacteria (Prokaryotae)

Protoctista

Algae -both unicellular and multicellular (seaweed)

Unicellular eukaryotic organism - paramecium, amoeba

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Prokaryotic cells

Do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

Environment requirements

The temperature, water, radiation of right kind, atmosphere, gravity (altitude and pressure), and the biosphere

The temperature

The Earth is not too hot or cold, it's in the 'Goldilocks zone

The right temp is important is important for proteins

enzyme.

Water

Essential for the chemical reactions of life i.e. metabolism, this mainly due to water being the 'universal solvent'

Radiation of the right kind

Too little-> no vitamin D, too much -> cancer

Atmosphere

Nitrogen~ 78%, Oxygen ~21%, Argon ~1%, Life need oxygen for respiration, human cells can only do anaerobic respiration for 10 seconds

Ozone (O3) is essential to block the excess UV radiation

Gravity (altitude and pressure)

The Earth has as a good level of gravity

High altitudes provide difficult conditions

The biosphere

Part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

Troposphere

An altitude lower than ~16 km

Lithosphere

A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.

Hydrosphere

All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans

Areas with no life

Volcanic craters, the coldest glaciers in Antarctica, very saline lake, and the driest and most exposed parts of deserts

Animal Cell Structure

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes

Plant cell structure

Cell walls, permanent vacuole, chloroplast, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Cytoplasm

The watery filling that's where the chemical reactions (metabolism) take place

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Mitochondria

The site of aerobic respiration

Ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis

Cell wall

Made of cellulose and are primarily responsible for keeping the cell structures as well as the plant's size because the cells stack up.

Vacuole

Full of cell sap (water + sugars) and it stores cell waste as well as being responsible for the cell's structure and when it is full it pushes against the cell wall keeping the shape of the cell (and the plant)

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts

Prokaryotic cell (bacterial cell)

Cell wall, ribosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and bacterial DNA (chromosomes)

organic moelcules

A molecule made out of carbon chains

Carbohydrates

Mainly used by cells for energy

Single sugars

The basic carb building units (the monomers). Glucose, fructose, and galactose . They are all used as energy sources by the cell in order to run cellular metabolism. E.g. mitochondria use glucose with oxygen (O2) in aerobic respiration.

Double sugars (double suagrs)

Made by two single sugar monomers bonded together. different types :

Lactose = glucose + galactose

Sucrose( reg. sugar) = glucose + fructose

Maltose ( in alcohol) = glucose + glucose.

complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

Scratch : is for energy storage in plants

Glycogen : Is for energy storage in animals

Cellulose : is for structure in plant cell walls

The above three are all made from glucose monomers

Proteins

Chains of amino acids

polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Proteins carry out a huge range of different functions

Enzymes (= biological catalysts) they speed up reactions

Muscle fibers- for movement

Antibodies- proteins that are part of the immune system

Energy storage : a backup to carbs and fats

Transport of gasses : hemoglobin for O2 and CO2

Hormones : chemical messengers in the body e.g. insulin

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Triglycerides

A fat/oil molecule

glyercol and fatty acids

monomers of lipids

saturated fats

fats that are solid at room temperature found in animals

polysaturated fats

fats that are liquid at room temp and found in plants

fats function

long term energy storage, thermal insulation, protection organs, and electrical insulation around neurons, and waterproofing for plants

DNA

The monomers (nucleotides) are bonded together to make a double stranded molecule (forms a double helix)

The nucleotides have one of four bases as part of the molecule

adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

a specific length of DNA that codes for a protein

a gene

RNA = Ribonucleic acid

The monomer is the RNA nucleotide. These are bonded together to form a single stranded molecule. RNA carries the genetic code from the DNA (inside the nucleus) to a ribosome which decodes the code and makes a protein.

The RNA nucleotides have one of four bases attached :

adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

aerobic respiration (6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ energy))

oxygen + carbon + water + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

6CO2 + 6H2O Light + Chloroplasts> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

carbon dioxide + water + light + chloroplasts ---> carbon + water + water

The three domain system

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Archaea

'ancient bacteria', it was believed to have evolved first, tends to live in weird places/extreme environments ex.very hot, they have an extreme mode of life eg. they live on sulfur, they live in iron.... very saline/salt, high/low pH. A part of the Prokaryotic Kingdom.

Bacteria

'true bacteria', normal bacteria they don't live in those extreme environments but found everywhere else. A part of the Prokaryotic Kingdom.

Eukarya

'Eukaryote', these are all the organisms that are made of eukaryotic cells. This Domain contains four Kingdoms..animale, plantae, fungi, and protoctista

Prokaryotae (bacteria)

This kingdom has 2 domains:

Archaea

Bacteria

What makes bacteria(a bacteria) ? :

Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan (murein)

Don't have a nucleus (no nuclear envelope)

Have one chromosome which is circular

And no complex membrane organelles

Autotrophs

(self-'feeders') can make their own organic molecules (carbs, lipids.etc) from inorganic molecules. Some bacteria can carry out chemosynthesis. They take energy in inorganic molecules to convert it into energy in organic

molecules, e.g. deep sea bacteria that live next to deep sea vents survive off of chemicals that are coming out of the vents.

Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis. They take light energy, combine it with Inorganic. molecules to make organic molecules

Heterotrophs

(other'-'feedere") cannot make their own organic molecules (make their own food). So they rely on existing organic molecules. Different bacteria are heterotrophic in different ways;