Gross Anatomy Lecture 1 Review-Gervasi

What is a median or mid-sagittal plane?

A vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body

The median or mid-sagittal plane divides the body into what?

Equal left and right halves

The median/mid-sagittal plane defines what?

The midline of the head, neck, and trunk

What is a sagittal plane?

Vertical plane that passes through the body parallel to the median plane

What is a frontal plane?

Vertical plane passing through the body dividing into anterior and posterior parts

What is a transverse plane?

Horizontal plane that passes through the body dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

Upper limb-arm vs. forearm

Lower limb-thigh vs. leg

What does the axial skeleton include?

-Skull

-Thoracic cage

-Vertebral column

What is a plane joint?

A synovial joint that permits gliding or sliding movements

What is the subclassification of a plane joint?

Non-axial or uni-axial

What is an example of a plane joint?

Acromioclavicular

What is a hinge joint?

A synovial joint that permits flexion and extension only

What is the subclassification of a hinge joint?

Uniaxial

What is an example of a hinge joint?

Elbow

What is a saddle joint?

A synovial joint that permits movement in two different places

What is the subclassification of the saddle joint?

Biaxial

What is an example of a saddle joint?

Carpometacarpal of digit I

What is a condyloid joint?

A synovial joint that permits flexion and extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction

What is the subclassification of a condyloid joint?

Biaxial

What is an example of a condyloid joint

Metacarpophalangeal

What is a ball and socket joint?

A synovial joint that permits flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, lateral and medial rotation and circumduction

What is the subclassification of a ball and socket joint?

Multiaxial

What is an example of a ball and socket joint?

Hip

What is a pivot joint?

A synovial joint that permits rotation around a central axis

What is the subclassification of a pivot joint?

Uniaxial

What is an example of a pivot joint?

Atlantoaxial

The vertebral column is segmented into what 5 sections?

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

Coccygeal

In early development how many individual vertebrae were there?

33

After some of the individual vertebrae fuse, how many bones are in the vertebral column?

26

In an adult what is the breakdown of the 24 individual vertebrae?

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

How many sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?

5

How many coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form the coccyx?

(3-5) but normally 4

A primary vertebral curvature is concaved in what way?

Anteriorly (Kyphotic)

Where does the primary vertebral curvature persist?

Thoracic and sacral regions of the spine

When do the primary vertebral curvatures develop?

Fetal period

A secondary vertebral curvature is concaved in what way?

Posteriorly

A secondary vertebral curvature persists where?

In the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine

When do secondary vertebral curvatures develop?

As an individual learns to hold their head erectly (cervical curvature) and assumes erect posture (lumbar curvature)

What abnormal curvature is called “dowager’s hunch” and is an exaggerated thoracic curvature?

Thoracic (hyper) kyphosis

What abnormal curvature is called “swayback” and is an exaggerated lumbar curvature?

Lumbar (hyper) lordosis

What abnormal curvature is a lateral distortion of the spine?

Scoliosis

Describe what the body of a vertebrae looks like?

Chunky anterior portion

How does vertebral body size change as you move down the vertebral column?

It increases

What is the function of the body of the vertebrae?

Support: gives strength to the vertebral column and supports body weight

Describe what the vertebral pedicles look like?

Rounded bars forming on anterior sides of vertebral arch

Vertebral pedicles have what that form the intervertebral foramen in which the spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal?

Notches

What is the function of vertebral pedicles?

Protection

How do vertebral notches join together?

Superior vertebral notch of one vertebra joins the inferior vertebral notch of the next highest vertebra to form intervertebral foramen through which spinal nerves exit

What is the function of vertebral notches?

Passageway for nerves

Describe what lamina look like?

Flat thin plates forming the roof of vertebral arch

What is the function of the lamina?

Protection

How is the vertebral arch formed?

By the left and right pedicles and the lamina

What is the function of the vertebral arch?

Protection

What are vertebral foramen?

Space for spinal cord

Collective vertebral foramen form what?

Vertebral canal

What is the function of the vertebral foramen?

Passageway for spinal cord

Where can you locate a spinous process?

Projects posteriorly from vertebral arch at the junction of the lamina

What is the function of a spinous process?

Muscle attachment and movement

Transverse process project where?

Laterally at the junction of the lamina and pedicle

What is the function of the transverse process?

Muscle attachment and movement

How many articular processes or facets are there?

2 superior and 2 inferior

Where do articular processes project from?

The junction of lamina and pedicle.

The superior facet of one vertebra articulates with?

The inferior facet of the next highest vertebra forming a zygapophysial joint

What is a zygapophysial joint?

A plane joint with limited movement

Orientations of facet joints is specific to the region of what?

Spinal Column

Where are the cervical facets oriented?

Transverse plane

Where are the thoracic facets oriented?

Coronal plane

Where are the lumbar facets oriented?

Sagittal plane

What is the function of facets?

Movement

What 4 things are specific to C1-C7 vertebrae?

Transverse foramen, bifid spinous processes, anterior and posterior tubercles, and uncus process

What are transverse foramen and what cervical vertebrae is associated with them?

Foramen within the transverse process that allows for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein except for C7 which only has the vertebral vein

What is Bifid spinous process and what cervical vertebrae is associated with it?

Bifurcated spinous process, associated with C3-C6

What are anterior and posterior tubercles and what cervical vertebrae are they found on?

Location on the transverse processes. Feature of all cervical vertebrae

What is an uncinate or uncus process and what cervical vertebrae is it found on?

Superiolateral margins of the bodies are elevated to prevent posterior linear translocation of vertebral bodies and limits lateral flexion. Feature on all cervical vertebrae

What features are absent in C1 and what replaces them?

Body which is replaced by anterior tubercle and spinous process which is replaced by posterior tubercle

How is the vertebral foramen different on C1?

It is enlarged to accommodate the dens and brainstem

How are the superior articular processes different on C1?

They are kidney bean shaped for articulation with occipital condyles and large to form atlanto-occipital joint

How are the inferior articular processes different on C1?

They are circular shaped and enlarged to form atlantoaxial joint

What is special about C2?

It has a dens which is a toothlike projection which C1 rotates around

What is special about C7?

It has a vertebral prominens, which is a spinous process of C7 that is easily palpable

What features are present on thoracic vertebrae?

Costal facets, vertebral body, spinous processes and vertebral foramen

The costal facets are located where on thoracic vertebrae?

Transverse processes and body for articulation with tubercle of rib and head of rib

Are there facets on the transverse process of T11 and T12?

No because those ribs do not have tubercles

What features are present on lumbar vertebrae?

Vertebral body, spinous processes, accessory processes, mammillary processes and superior and inferior articular facets

What is the site of muscle attachment on the transverse process of lumbar vertebrae?

Accessory processes

What is the site of muscle attachment on the posterior surface of superior articular process?

Mammillary process

What greatly reduces rotational movements in the lumbar spine due to its location in the sagittal plain?

Superior and inferior articular facets

The median sacral crest forms from what?

The fusion of spinous processes

The intermediate sacral crests are formed from?

Fusion of articular processes

The lateral sacral crest is formed from what?

Fusion of transverse processes

How are the pelvic foramina formed?

From fusion of intervertebral foramen

The pelvic foramen provide what?

Exit for ventral primary rami

The dorsal foramina are formed from?

Fusion of intervertebral foramen

Dorsal foramina provide what?

Exit for dorsal primary rami

Sacral hiatus is formed from?

Incomplete fusion of lowest lamina

The sacral hiatus provides an exit for what?

S5 and Co1 spinal nerves and filum terminale

What type of joint is an intervertebral joint?

Fibrocartilaginous-symphysis

Describe an intervertebral joint?

Articulating surface of adjacent bodies are connected by fibrocartilaginous disc (intervertebral discs, IV) and ligaments

What are the main stabilizing ligaments of a intervertebral joint?

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament

What type of joint is a zygapophysial/facet joint?

Synovial-plane joint