Science course review Gr10 2023

Definition of matter

anything containing Mass or volume (except energy)

Two properties of matter

Pure substances and mixtures

Define pure substances

Substances mode up of only one type of matter

Two categories of pure substances

Elements and compounds

Define elements and compounds

One cannot be broken down and one are made up w/ more than one type of element

Define mixtures

Substances made up of one or two different particle

Two types of mixtures

Solutions (homogenous) and mechanical mixtures (heterogenous)

Define Solutions (homogenous

Different particles combine to make something look like a pure substance (sugar water)

Mechanical mixture (heterogenous

Mixtures where YOU can tell the difference between the mixture (cereal)

Properties in metals

Located in the left and Middle of the periodic table

Solid

Shiny and metallic

Conductors of heat

Easy to shape

Properties of non-metals

Located on the right upper side

Gases and powdery solids

Dull and not metallic

Brittle

Properties of metalloidsh

Staircase

Shiny and silvery

Semiconductor

THE order of groups on THE periodic table

Alkali metals

Alkali earth metals

Transition metals

Halogens

Noble gasses

Define Bohr-rutherford diagram

A diagram representing electrons in A element

How do you find protons

Atomic #

How do you find neutrons

Atomic Mass -atomic #

How do you find electrons

\# of protons

Define ion

An atom negatively and positively charged

What are positively atoms called

Cations

When do we add -IDE at the end of the element

When ions are negatively charged

Define ionic compound

Compounds where A positive and negative ions attract

Define ionic bonds

The strong attraction between negative and positive ions

Define ionic crystals

They have at least two atoms which have been ionized ( getting A charge of zero )

Properties of ionic compounds

Usually solid at room tempt

High Boiling points

Form crystals

Dissolves in water that conducts electricity (ELECTROLYTES)

How do you name ionic compounds

Check if there is a metal and Non-Metal

First name the metals

Then name the non-metal

Add IDE at the end of the non-metal

Define payatomic ions

A group of atoms acting as a single charged atom

Nitrate=

No3 negative one

Nitrite=

No2 negative one

Hydroxide=

Oh negative one

Hydrogen carbonate=

HCO3 negative and

Chlorate=

ClO3 negative one

Carbonate=

Co3 negative two

Sulfate= ‘

So4 negative two

Phosphate =

Po4 negative 3

Ammonium

Nh4 positive one

Define a Lewis diagram

Represents valence electrons as dots

Define molecular compounds

Sharing electrons and making them BOND (BrINClHOF)

What is BrINClHOF

Diatomic elements

Bromine

Iodine

Nitrogen

Chlorine

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

Mono-=

One (carbon monoxide)

Di=

Two (carbon dioxide)

Tri=

Three (carbon trioxide)

Tetra=

Four (carbon tetroxide)

Penta-

Five (carbon pentachloride)

What is the law of conservation of mass?

Whatever happens on one side of a reaction is equal to the other side

Define subscript

How Many atoms are in the element

Define coefficient

How many molecules there are

What are the five type of reactions

Synthesis

Decomposition

Single displacement

Double displacement

Combustion

How does synthesis go

A +B—>AB

How does decomposition go

AB—>A + B

How does single displacement go

A+BC-→ AC+B

How does double displacement go

AB+CD-→AD+CB

How does combustion go

Hydrocarbon + oxygen→carbon dio xide +water + energy (cH+O2→co2+ H2o

How does incomplete combustion go

\

Hydrocarbon+oxygen→carbon dioxide+water+carbon monoxide +carbon (Ch+O2-→ CO2+H2O+CO+C)

When blue litmus paper is dipped in an ___ it will turn red

Acid

When red litmus paper is dipped in a ___ it will turn blue

Base

Properties of acid

Sour tasting

Water soluble

How can you tell the element is acidic

Begins with H or ends with cOoh

Define binary acids

Acids containing two elements

Define oxyacids

Polgatomic ions with one or more hydrogen,

Properties of bases

Bitter taste

Water soluble

Slippery

How can you tell the element is a base

It has hydroxide(oh) or carbonate (co3)

How to know something is acidic from the Ph scale

One to six

How to know something basic from the Ph scale

Eight to fortteen

Neutralization with acids and basics Will equal to

Water and the non acids/base together

Define conductors

When touching something hot and you feel it

Define convection

Feeling Heat when near it

Define medium

When Heat travels through something

Define radiatiocn

When Heat travels without a medium and lets energy travel through matter/

Define electromagnetic waves

Energy travelling through space

Define wave s

Disturbance moving energy but not matter

Define crest

highest point on a wave

Define trough

lowest point on a wave

Define wavelength

distance from one place on a wave to the next

Define amplitude

the wave height from the rest

Define frequency

the rate of repetition

What happens when more energy is put in the wave

the higher the frequency and the shorter the wavelength

Define visible spectrum

A prism to separate sunlight or white light into the colours of a rainbow

What are the seven types of electromagnetic waves

RadioWaves

Microwaves

infrared light

Visible light

Ultraviolet light

X-rays

Gamma rays

Define luminous lights

Lights that can produce their own lights

Two light sources

Natural and artificial

Incardesent lights:

Light produced by Heat

Electrical discharge light:

Electrical currents going through the sky or gas

phosphorescent light:

Phosphors keep ultraviolet light and let them out over time

Fluorescent lights:

Video electrons collide with gas to release ultraviolet light

chemiluminence lights:

Light produced from chemical reactions

bioluminescent light:

Production of light from a living thing

Triboluminensce light:

light produced from friction.

Light emitting diodide

light source made out of a semiconductor material

Define electroluminescence

Changing electrical energy →light energy

Organic Light-Emitting Display:

Light from organic molecules

Plasma display:

Electrical Signals are send and causes gas to release ultraviolet light which then is absorbed by phosphors and produce colors

Define transparent

Light goes through medium

Define translucent

Some light rays go through and some are absorbed

Define opaque

Light is absorbed or reflected

Define shadow

When an opaque object blocks light

Define umbra

where all the light rays are blocked

Define penumbra

part of the shadow where there is partial light/partial darkness

Define regular reflection

Light Rays striking a smooth surface and reflecting THE same direction

Define diffuse reflection

Light Rays striking a rough surface and reflecting different places

Define normal

Imaginary 90 degree line betwee the strike