WW2

Treaty of Versailles (1919) (Peacekeeping attempt)

Germany had to pay an indemnity of $33 billion, lost 12-13% population and territories, its army restricted to 100000 men, and bear all war guilt; Austria and Germany were separated forcefully

Treaty of St Germain (1919) (Peacekeeping attempt)

Ceded Istria and Tyrol (territories of Austria) to Italy; separated Austria and Germany forcefully; FAILED TO GIVE FIUME AND DALMATIA TO ITALY AS PROMISED

Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919) (Peacekeeping attempt)

to Bulgaria

Treaty of Sèvres (1920) (Peacekeeping attempt)

Egypt and Sudan were freed from the ruling of Turkey and became independent states

Treaty of Trianon (1920) (Peacekeeping attempt)

to Hungary

Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932) (Peacekeeping attempt)

after January 28th Incident, US and League solved the disputes between China and Japan, and signed …

Paris Peace Conference (1919) (Peacekeeping attempt)

Wilson's 14pts: Establishment of League, national self-determination, forbade secret diplomacy, limiting armaments, drafted treaties for defeated nations

Munich Conference (1938) (Peacekeeping attempt)

Germany requested annexation of Sudetenland to ‘protect 3 million Germans living there'; Britain and France neglected the interest of Czechslovakia, and ceded Sudetenland to Germany; Germany invaded the whole of Czechoslovakia

Casablanca Conference (1943) (Wartime Conference)

Intensified attack on German submarines and Italy

Quebec Conference (1943) (Wartime Conference)

Intensified attack on Italy, and discussed war settlements regarding Italy's surrender; attack Japan after Germany's surrender (within a year)

Moscow Conference (1943) (Wartime Conference)

proposed a formation of a new, international peacekeeping body (United Nations)

Cairo Conference (1943) (Wartime Conference)

Japan should return all territories seized from China since 1894; Japan has to give up all Pacific Islands it had conquered since WW1

Yalta Conference (1945) (Wartime Conference)

Germany: divided into 4 zones, occupied by Britain, France, US, USSR; disarmed, demilitarized, and eradicate Nazi influence

San Francisco Conference (1945) (Wartime Conference)

United Nations was established

Potsdam Conference (1945) (Wartime Conference)

Germany: divided into 4 zones, occupied by Allied powers; Nazism was taken down and democracy took place instead (under the supervising of Allied powers); all land invaded by Hitler should be returned to their respective nations; had to pay war reparations in industrial facilities; demilitarized and disarmed

Disputes on Aland Islands (1920) (League's successful attempt at peacekeeping)

Finland VS. Sweden

Disputes on Upper Silesia (1921) (League's successful attempt at peacekeeping)

Germany VS. Poland

Corfu Island (1923) (League's successful attempt at peacekeeping)

Italy VS. Greece

Disputes with Greece and Bulgaria (1925) (League's successful attempt at peacekeeping)

Greece VS. Bulgaria

Disputes on January 28th Incident (1932) (League's successful attempt at peacekeeping)

China VS. Japan

Locarno Treaties (1925)

Rhineland Pact: Regulations on Germany, France, and Belgium's territories; Germany had to keep Rhineland demilitarized; Arbitration Treaty; Treaty of Mutual Assistance (France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, USSR): when one signed nation is attacked by Germany, others should provide assistance to the invaded nation, to enhance defensive power and prevent inv

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

all members should condemn nations that resort to war to settle disputes; stop wars; legitimate self-defense is permitted

Washington Conference (1921-1922)

Four-power Treaty (US, Britain, France, Japan): when any 2 nations had disputes on Pacific region, all members should resort to peace conferences; Five-power Treaty: ratio of capital ships (5 US: 5 Britain: 3 Japan: 1.75 France: 1.75 Italy); Nine-power Agreement: all members should respect China's sovereignty and territories, all should have equal industrial opportunities in China

London Naval Conference (1930)

ratio of large cruisers (5 US: 5 Britain: 3 Japan), that of small cruisers (10:10:7); if any country other than the signatories started to expand its navy, the signatories could follow suit 簽署國以外任何一國擴軍，簽署國也可擴展其軍備

Geneva Conference (1932-1934)

a general disarmament; Germany and France had no consensus on the arrangement of disarmament; Germany withdrew in 1933

Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact (1939)

would not invade each other in 10 years’ time; partition Poland

Great Depression (1929)

unemployed population of Germany: 6 million ppl; US and other European countries adopted protectionism and raised tariff, manufuctures-exporting countries like Czechoslovakia and Poland had factories closures and decline in national power, becoming weak targets of German aggressions; originally, Italy gradually stopped aggression after 1926 due to economy recovery, but had to restore invasions due to Great Depression

Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935)

Germany's naval capacity must not over 35% of that of Britain

Operation Barbarossa (1941)

Germany's sudden attack on USSR

Dawes Plan (1924)

US's loan to Germany

Young Plan (1929)

US's loan to Germany; was discarded together with Great Depression

Conscription 徵兵制 (1935)

Germany