Human Growth and Development: Test 2

infancy

covers the whole early period of growth and development from birth to 36 months 

Be prepared to explain why prenatal development is considered a critical foundation for later development.

it is the stage where the most rapid biological growth happens, and it sets the stage for all other forms of development; this is when body parts and organs are formed, which makes environmental influences very influential; the way that these functions form is most likely going to be how they will function for the rest of their time

how many pairs of DNA chromosomes of each human cell?

3 billion

genes

blueprint within DNA

genes tell cells

which protein to make

gametes

reproductive cells

zygote

cell formed when egg and sperm join 

Autosomal abnormalities: Down syndrome, trisomy 21

due to an error in cell division, the individual has an extra copy of chromosome 21, total of 47 chromosomes as a result

gene guide cell differentiation

Zygote transforms into 350 distinct cell types , Each cell type has unique shape, structure, and function, internal factors such as hormones, cell interactions , Environment factors such as nutrition, stress, toxins 

germinal stage

fertilization to two weeks

teratogens

drug, disease, any environemntal agents harmful to developing embryo or fetus, linked to miscarriage, birth defects, other problems

healthy newborn weight and length

5.5-10 lbs and 20 inches

healthy newborn eating habits

every 90-120 minutes in fluctuating consequences

prematurity

leading cause of newborn mortality, greater problem in poorer countries, Africa, South Asia claim more than 65% of the world’s premature births 

Survival reflexes: Permanent reflexes

they should not be in that flight or fight response for forever, they should disappear from the first 4 -10 months to 3 years

SIDS definition

sudden infant death syndrome

how to prevent sids

babies must sleep on their backs, No soft or loose bedding, bumper pads, toys in crib, Crib slats less than 2.4 inches apart 

Language Development: Processes supporting language

talking to the kid in full sentences, not just baby talk; read aloud to them, listen to music with words, audiobooks, give them books to read/look at

emotional referncing

process by which individuals, particularly infants, look to others to understand how to react to ambiguous, new, or uncertain situations; they understand whatever new thing they are experiencing only within the context of what they have already experienced

self-regulation

ability to monitor and manage energy states, emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in ways that are socially acceptable and conducive to achieving goals, such as learning or playinag

Be prepared to identify and describe the “one big lesson” children should learn during early childhood. Include the key passage of Scripture discussed in class that addresses this lesson.

big issues is character, The child should learn honest, kind, patient, responsible, self-control, dependable, loyalty, diligence, moral purity, humility, consideration and a host of other character qualities. Personal reponsibility of how to glorify God 

body growth in middle childhood

Slow, steady gains in height and weight, no dramatic changes

lymphoid system in childhood

It grows steadily from birth, reaches a peak capacity, and then involutes (shrinks) around the time of puberty

myelination

crucial neurodevelopmental process of forming a protective, fatty substance called myelin around the axons (the long, cable-like fibers) of neurons in the brain and nervous system

prefrontal cortex

driving major advancements in cognitive control, emotional regulation, and decision-making.

gender differences in middle childhood

girls 10-12 are taller than most boys, have growth spurts earlier and tend to mature faster

Nutrition: Appetite in middle childhood

more needed

second hand smoke

envirnomental factors of middle childhood if the father smokes

Bilingualism: Benefits

increase brain plasticity

Grammar and syntax: Overregularization of rules

when children apply regular grammatical rules to irregular words.

Piaget’s Stages of Development: Development of semiotic functions (know order of the four stages)

sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage

Piaget’s Stages of Development: Limitations

underestimation, rigidity, social/cultural influences,

executive functioning

mental processes that enables individuals to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, manage emotions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully

memory strategies

more than just recalling, it is understanding and comprehendgin

Be prepared to outline what parents and teachers can do to help children develop self-regulation.

acting as calm role models, creating structured environments, and teaching children to identify and manage their feelings, model self-talk, self-control, and staying calm

Parental control: monitoring child, setting limits

parental warmth:

responsiveness to child needs

responsive parents

result is socially adjusted kids

unresponsive parents

result is agressive or detached children

parental control

monitoring child, setting limits

high in control

invovled in child’s life, use discipline appropariately

low in control

permissive, uninvoloved in child’s life

associative group play

engaged in similar activity, no organization or leadership 

cooperative play

organized with purpose/goal; division of labor; leadership 

educators are

mandatory reporters of abuse, not federal but each state has a law