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What were the 3 G's of exploration?

God (spread Christianity), Gold (wealth, resources), Glory (power, fame, national pride)

What motivated European monarchs to explore?

Desire for wealth, trade routes, empire building, spreading Christianity, and competition with other nations.

Why was Portugal the first western nation to explore?

Strong navy, location on the Atlantic, Prince Henry the Navigator, and advanced navigation technology.

Where did Christopher Columbus explore?

Caribbean/Americas

What was Vasco da Gama known for?

Sea route to India

What did Ferdinand Magellan accomplish?

First circumnavigation of the globe

Which empire did Hernán Cortés conquer?

Aztec Empire (Mexico)

Which empire did Francisco Pizarro conquer?

Inca Empire (Peru)

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Exchange of plants, animals, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What was the Triangular Trade?

Trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving goods and enslaved people.

What is Mercantilism?

Economic system where colonies exist to benefit the mother country by providing raw materials.

Who were the Conquistadors?

Spanish explorers/soldiers who conquered lands in the Americas.

What was the Middle Passage?

Brutal transatlantic journey enslaved Africans endured from Africa to the Americas.

What made a monarch 'absolute'?

They held total power with no legal limits.

What factors contributed to absolute monarchs?

Divine Right, strong armies, weak nobility, control of wealth and religion.

Who was Philip II?

Strong Catholic ruler of Spain; weakened by wars.

What is Louis XIV known for?

'I am the state'; centralized power.

What did Ivan IV use to control nobility?

Terror

What did Peter the Great do?

Westernized Russia.

What type of monarchy did William and Mary establish?

Constitutional monarchy (not absolute).

Who fought in the Thirty Years' War?

Catholics vs Protestants; weakened Holy Roman Empire.

What is the Scientific Method?

Step-by-step process to test ideas using observation and experimentation.

Who were key scientists of the Scientific Revolution?

Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Kepler.

How did the Scientific Revolution influence government?

Encouraged logic and reason → people questioned authority and political systems.

What was the Enlightenment Movement?

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, natural rights, and progress.

What did Enlightenment philosophers believe about individual actions?

Humans are rational and capable of governing themselves.

What are John Locke's contributions?

Natural rights.

What did Montesquieu advocate?

Separation of powers.

What did Voltaire support?

Freedom of speech and religion.

What did the philosophes support?

Reason, liberty, education, and reforming government.

What were the Three Estates in France?

1st: Clergy, 2nd: Nobility, 3rd: Everyone else.

How did Louis XVI worsen problems in France?

Heavy spending, weak leadership, unfair taxes.

Why was the 3rd Estate locked out?

Voting was unfair; they demanded equal representation.

What was the National Assembly?

Representative body formed by the 3rd Estate.

What changes did the Constitution of 1791 bring?

Limited monarchy, protected rights.

Why was Louis XVI executed?

Treason and opposing the revolution.

What was the Reign of Terror?

Period of mass executions to eliminate enemies.

What was the slogan of the French Revolution?

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.

Why did Napoleon sell Louisiana?

Needed money and couldn't defend it.

Why did Napoleon fail in Russia?

Harsh winter, scorched-earth policy, lack of supplies.

What events led to Napoleon's downfall?

Military losses, exile, defeat at Waterloo.

What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna?

Restore monarchies, balance power, prevent future revolutions.

What were the effects of the French Revolution?

Spread of democracy, nationalism, end of feudalism.

What was a common method in Latin American Revolutions?

Military uprisings led by creoles.

Why was Brazil unique in its independence?

Gained independence peacefully.

What is Nationalism?

Loyalty and pride in one's nation.

What did German Unification set the stage for?

World War I due to militarism and alliances.

What war officially united Germany?

Franco-Prussian War.

What was the Frankfurt Parliament?

Failed attempt at unity; king rejected power from the people.

Who led German unification?

Otto von Bismarck through war and diplomacy.

What is Realpolitik?

Practical politics based on power, not ideals.

What was the impact on Italian Unification?

Inspired Italy to unify through nationalism and war.

Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?

Military leader who helped unify Italy.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?

Natural resources, capital, stable government, labor supply.

What did Eli Whitney invent?

Cotton gin; interchangeable parts.

What is the Bessemer Process?

Faster, cheaper steel production.

What was the role of entrepreneurs during the Industrial Revolution?

Invested money, started factories, encouraged innovation.

What is the factory system?

Centralized production using machines and wage labor.

Why did children work in mines?

Cheap labor; small size fit tight spaces.

Why did Manchester grow quickly?

Textile industry and factory jobs.

What caused poor living conditions during the Industrial Revolution?

Overcrowding, pollution, lack of sanitation.

How did wealth change society during the Industrial Revolution?

Rise of middle class; political reforms and voting expansion.