US History H Midterm

The Civil War

War between the United states of the North and the Confederate states of the South; fought from 1861 to 1865.

Reconstruction

Program implemented by the federal government between 1865 and 1877 to restore the southern states to the Union and repair the damage to the South caused by the Civil War.

Technology Revolution

Transition from manufacturing economy to knowledge economy; jobs require education beyond high school; pushes back other markers of adulthood

Manifest Destiny

Louisiana Purchase

Purchase from the United States of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803.

Oregon Trail

Trail from independence Missouri to Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s.

Trail of Tears

The forced movement of Cherokees in 1838 to land west of the Mississippi River.

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1865, abolishing slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 law that called for the creation of these two new territories, and stated that the citizens in each territory should decide whether slavery would be allowed there.

Dredd Scott

(1857) He was a slave who was taken to free territory. Scott sued for his freedom and the Supreme Court declared that slaves are property, not people. Court also ruled that African Americans did not have U.S. citizenship.

Freedman's Bureau

Created by Congress in 1865, the first major federal relief agency in the United States.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed a southern state to form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States.

Black Codes

Laws that restricted Freedmen's rights.

14th Amendment

Constitutional amendment, ratified in 1868, to guarantee citizens equal protection under the law.

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Captain's of Industry

A name given company owners, such as Carnegie and Rockefeller, by people who believed they steered the economy into prosperity.

Laissez-Faire

Doctrine stating that the government generally should not interfere in private business.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist who made a fortune in steel in the late 1800s through vertical consolidation; as a philanthropist, he gave away some $350 million.

John D Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history.

Bessemer Process

Patented in 1856, a way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west.

Push and Pull Factors of Westward Expansion

Push:
- crowded space
- lack of opportunities
Pull:
- for corporations and people

• crowded space

• lack of opportunities

Pull:

• for corporations and people

Push and Pull Factors of Immigration

Push - factors that make immigrants want to leave their country (examples include economic reasons, overpopulation, religious persecution, and natural disasters).
Pull - factors that make immigrants want to come to the United States (examples include America - magic land of opportunity, job opportunities, and family members in the US).

Pull - factors that make immigrants want to come to the United States (examples include America - magic land of opportunity, job opportunities, and family members in the US).

The Expansion of American Industry

As poverty and terrible working conditions grew, Labor Unions emerged to fight for worker rights.

Vertical Consolidation

Gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a product's development.