NUR 212 #1 nursing theory, leadership, accountability

What is coercive power?

The “stick” of leadership where staff are sanctioned for failing to comply with the leader’s desires. Relies on fear and rarely inspires

How are performance appraisals done?

Trait rating (personal qualities), job dimension (based on job description), behaviorally anchored rating scale (prioritization skills), checklists (forced; makes you pick your best/worst behaviors & simple; basically trait rating), essays or freeform (employers will write about how you’re doing), self appraisals or reflective practice

What’s legitimate power?

Emanates from a position of title. Can be short lived if the leader is ineffective

What is kouzes and posners 5 practices of leadership?

Model the way, inspire a shared vision, challenge the process, enabling others to act, encourage the heart

What is reward power?

Based on a leaders ability to give something of value in return for performance

What is expert power?

Built on the individuals specialized knowledge and access to info

What’s referent or relationship power?

Built on a leaders personal brand. These ppl are respected and have “social capital”

What should a nurse consider before delegating a task?

Qualifications & capabilities, stability of patients condition, complexity of the activity, potential for harm, predictability of the outcome, overall context of other patient needs

What’s democratic leadership?

Participative leadership characterized by a sense of equality among the leader and other participants. Decisions and activities are shared

What’s laissez faire leadership?

Non directive leadership. The leader relinquishes power to the group; outsider can’t determine who the leader is. Encourages independent activity

Whats servant leadership?

Leadership that enriches the lives of individuals, builds better organizations, and creates a more just and caring world. Feeling that one wants to serve

What’s the idea behind quantum leadership?

It argues that leaders must move beyond the traditional modes used by all level of workers. It views an organization and its members as interconnected and collaborative- a helpful approach when unpredictable events and changing environments present themselves (technology advances & we need to learn to work with it)

What’s transactional leadership?

Task and reward oriented

What’s transformational leadership?

Charismatic leaders that are unique in their ability to inspire and motivate others. They challenge ppl to grow personally and professionally

What is planning?

identifying problems and developing goals, objectives, and related strategies to meet the demands of the clinical arenaidentifying problems and developing goals, objectives, and related strategies to meet the demands of the clinical arena

What is organizing?

acquiring, managing, and mobilizing resources to meet both clinical and financial objectives

What is staffing?

hiring, orienting, scheduling to facilitate team building; also includes staff development

What is directing?

leading others in achieving goals within the constraints of the current fiscal and workforce shortage scenarios, a demanding task for managers and staff alike

What is controlling?

implementing mechanisms for ongoing evaluation, particularly in areas of clinical quality and financial accountability

How do centralized management structures work?

Senior managers make the decisions (hierarchy)

How do decentralized many structures work?

Decisions are made by those who are most knowledgeable

What’s shared governance?

Practices that give nurses more input and influence over their jobs and how the organization makes decisions that affect them

What is conflict management?

A process to work through conflicts in a way that minimizes negative effects and promotes positive consequences

What is conflict engagement?

It teaches skills to help nurses perform well in the face of conflict instead of finding a work around to avoid conflict

What is PEARLA?

A tool used in conflict engagement

Acronym for PEARLA?

Presence, empathy, acknowledgment, reflect/reframe, listen openly, ask questions

What is avoiding?

Awareness but no resolution

What is collaborating?

Joint resolution; win, win

What is competing?

Resistance; win, lose

What is compromising?

Both parties relinquish something of equal value; lose, lose

What is cooperating?

IOU, accommodating

What is smoothing?

Focused on agreement and reducing emotional conflict

Who was change theory proposed by?

Lewins

What does change theory include?

3 stages; unfreezing, moving, refreezing

What is unfreezing?

Recognizing the need for change

What is moving?

Carefully planning once the need for change is initiated

What is refreezing?

Change becomes operational; maintenance

What factors contribute to resistance to change?

Threat to self, lack of understanding, limited tolerance for change, disagreements on benefits, and fear of increased responsibility

How to overcome resistance to change?

Explain the change, list advantages, be open/honest, relate the change to the person, introduce the change gradually, provide incentives

Whats deductive reasoning?

General/broad ideas to specific ideas

What is inductive reasoning?

Specific ideas to general/broad ideas

Who was the general systems theory proposed by?

Ludwig von bertalanffy

What is the general systems theory?

Describes how to break whole things into parts and then learn how the parts work together in systems. It emphasizes relationships between the whole and the parts and describes how parts function and behave

What is adaptation theory?

Describes the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. The idea that things adapt and involves interaction/response (evolution)

Who was the developmental theory proposed by?

Erik Erickson

What is the developmental theory?

Describes the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death; progressive. It emphasizes how ppl interact with the world

What was Florence Nightingale’s theme?

Meeting the personal needs of the patient within the environment including cleanliness, ventilation, temperature, light, diet, and noise

What was Ernestine Wiedenbach’s theme?

Nursing as an art; nursing is providing nurturing care to patients based on their wishes

What was Madeleine Leniniger’s theme?

Including culture into patient care, knowledge, and practice

What was Jean Watson’s theme?

Nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness and caring for the sick, therapeutic communication

What are the 3 q’s of EBP?

Are the results of the study valid? (Validity) What are the results? (reliability) Will the results help me in caring for my patients? (applicability)

What is contingency?

One size doesn’t fit all

Who proposed the stages of career development?

Maria Shirey

What are the stages of career development?

Promise, momentum, and harvest

What is the promise phase?

Reflects the first 10 years of nursing. individuals are less experienced and tend to experience reality overload. Making wise career choices in this phase is critical. Milestones: socialization, building knowledge, skills, abilities, credentials, and education, identifying strengths and building confidence

What is the momentum phase?

11-29 years. Nurse are experienced with expert knowledge, skills, abilities, credentials and education. Milestones: developing experience, gaining mastery, and establishing a professional track record, creating possibilities for career progression rather than stagnation

What is the harvest phase?

25+ years. “Prime” experience with more than 40 years as being a “legacy”. May be gone to decline if others perceive them as obsolescent. They must strive for ongoing reinvention. Milestones: elevating their mastery to sage practice for advancing the profession and establishing legacy

Who later proposed the career development theory?

Patricia Benner

What is Benner’s theory theme?

It argues that nurses develop skills and understanding over time and through a multitude of experience (research and clinical)

What are Benner’s stages?

Novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert

How do continued competency and appraisal relate to each other?

Appraisal should lead to the development of a plan that outlines what the employee must do to achieve desired competencies in both current and future positions

What is Watkins’s 7 steps of reflection?

Practice for promoting personal growth and continued competence; a process for the assessment of one’s own practice to identify and seek learning opportunities to promote continuing competence

Watkins REFLECT acronym?

Recall the event, Examine your responses, acknowledge Feelings, Learn from the experience, Explore options, Create a plan of action, set Timescale