Studied by 6 peopleFrench and Indian War
1754-1763
Friction develops between England and the colonies (differences in paradigms); territorial changes
England
Colonies did not support the war, weak, and needed protection
Colonies
Myth of English invincibility shattered
Don’t need protection and certainly will not pay for it
Relations between England and the colonies
Salutary Neglect
England doesn’t care of US
Articles of Confederation
Powers:
States stronger
Could not tax (major flaw)
No executive
Accomplishments:
Land Ordinance of 1785 (provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for public education)
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (granted limited self-gov. to the developing territory and prohibited slavery in the region)
Thomas Paine
A recent English immigrant to the colonies
wrote the essay “Common Sense”
argued about the colonies becoming independent states and breaking all political ties with British monarchy
mentioned it was unreasonable for a large continent to be ruled by a small and distant island and people to pledge allegiance to a king whose government was corrupt
Loyalists
Those who maintained their allegiance to the king, also called Tories
Close ties to England
Mostly merchants
Importance of the Battle of Saratoga
The turning point of the war
now the French feel it is worth helping the colonies
Bacon’s Rebellion
Outcome: slavery
Shays’ Rebellion
Shays was a farmer and war vet
rallied the farmers; taxes and land foreclosure
rebellion shut down tax collection offices and debtors courts
Tax Issue
Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton, to make up the revenue lost because the tariffs were lower than he wanted, persuaded Congress to pass excise taxes, particularly on the sale of whiskey
Rather than paying the tax, rebelling farmers defended their “liberties” by attacking the revenue collectors
Washington responded to this crisis by federalizing 15,000 state militiamen; the show of force caused the Whiskey Rebellion to collapse with almost no bloodshed
Tax Issue
Liberty Party
Abolitionists
Anti-slavery
Railroads
Goals:
Settle the west
Land grants
Antebellum Reform Movements
2nd Great Awakening influenced:
W- Women’s Rights
E- Education
A- Abolition
U- Utopian Societies (Transcendentalists)
D- Dorothea Dix and…
I- Insane Asylum (and Prison) Reform
T- Temperance
William Lloyd Garrison
“immediate emancipation without compensation”
The Liberator
Compromise of 1850
Response to the Mexican War
An attempt to keep a lid on the slavery issue
California wants to enter the Union as a free state
North benefits:
California admitted as a free state
Disputed territory between NM and TX goes to NM
No more slave trade in DC
South Benefits:
NM and UT would have no restrictions on slavery (use popular sovereignty)
US pays off the debt
Stronger fugitive slave law **(**By far the most controversial part of the compromise)
Emancipation Proclamation
Sept. 1862
Jan. 1st all slaves in states in rebellion will be free
Now makes it a moral war
Increases African-American enlistments
Presidential Power
Lincoln suspends “habeas corpus”
(Sends people straight to jail)
Border states (Civil War)
These states did not secede
Vital to the success of the Union
Contained transportation and communication lines that were vital to the war
Missouri
Kentucky
Maryland
Delaware
Strengths of the opposing sides (Civil War)
North:
Most of the nation’s wealth
Industrialization of the North gave an advantage in producing guns, bullets, and other materials needed for warfare
Railway system was superior than the South’s
Had most influential banks and financial markets
Bigger population
South:
Larger than the North (conquering it would be hard)
Felt that their officer corps was superior to the officer corps of the Union
Reconstruction (Civil War)
Freedmen’s Bureau
Educate, feed, and help former slaves assimilate into society (poor whites also)
Black Codes
attempted to economically disable freed slaves
Turner Thesis
Jackson Turner asserted that the American national character was shaped by the move west
He argued that American democracy and self-reliance were products of the frontier experiences
ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)
Was established as a result of mounting public indignation in the 1880s against railroad malpractices and abuses
Boss Tweed
Boss of Tammany Hall, the most famous political machine
Open Door Policy
European Powers had divided China into “spheres of influence” (territories where the country controls)
Russia
England
Japan
Germany
Austria
Cross of Gold Speech
William Bryan
Robber Barons
Term used to describe successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical
Roosevelt Corollary
The US will police the Americans/intervene in Latin America to protect US interests
Keep European powers away
Panama Canal
Capable through Hay-Bunau Treaty
Will reduce the travel time from Atlantic to the Pacific
Helps trade and the navy
Jane Addams
A middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses
Established settlement houses (Hull House)
Muckrakers
Writers who expose the “evils” of society
Increased circulation of newspapers and magazines helped the muckrakers influence on society
Critical of “machine politics”
Lack of comprehension programs for the poor
Corruption
Schenck v. US
The Supreme Court ruled:
Schenk’s right to free speech is limited because his actions pose a “clear and present danger” to the US
Great Migration
African Americans move North for factory jobs
Social tensions
Women work in factories- support for suffrage grows
Amendments
13th Amendment
Abolishes slavery in the US
14th Amendment
Equal protection under the law (former slaves are now citizens)
15th Amendment
You may not be denied the right to vote on the basis of race or former condition
16th amendment
Income tax (graduated)
17th amendment
Direct election of senators (more political power for the people)
18th amendment
Prohibition of Alcohol
19th amendment
Women’s suffrage
Marbury v. Madison
John Marshall deciding on judicial review
The supreme court has the power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
McCulloch v. Maryland
MD was taxing a branch of the national bank
Marshall Rules:
The bank is constitutional
A state (MD) may not tax the federal gov.
MvM establishes federal power over state power
Gibbons v. Ogden
NY steamboat rights
Congress controls interstate commerce, not the states
Worcester v. Georgia
Cherokee have prime land in Georgia
Georgia wants to take the land
Supreme Court (under Marshall) rules the SC has no real legal jurisdiction but the Cherokee may stay in Georgia
Plessy v. Ferguson
Ruled that because a car was provided for African-American passengers, the state of Louisiana had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment
Justices used the “separate but equal” doctrine to justify their decision
Muller v. Ogden
1908
Protection of women workers (conditions)
Louis Brandeis (lawyer)
Upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours
Evidence of effects of factory work on women
Brandeis sets a precedent and becomes the 1st Jew on the SC
Lochner v. NY
Supreme Court (1905)
Loss for Progressives
Bakers lose fight for a 10-hour work day (down from 12)
Great Compromise
Connecticut Plan
upper house (Senate): equal vote
lower house (House of Representatives): based on population
Missouri Compromise
Missouri, slave state; Maine, free state
No slavery allowed north of the 36’30 line
Compromise of 1877
Hayes president
Reconstruction is over, US troops leave the south
“Redeemers” take over the south
Crittenden Compromise
An effort to stop the impending secession of some Southern states
Proposed to extend the Missouri Compromise line westward and northward to California
Note
Flashcard