APUSH Semester Review

French and Indian War

* 1754-1763

Friction develops between England and the colonies (differences in paradigms); __**territorial changes**__

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England

* __Colonies did not support the war, weak, and needed protection__

Colonies

* __Myth of English invincibility shattered__
* __Don’t need protection__ and certainly __will not pay for it__

Relations between England and the colonies

__**Salutary Neglect**__

* England doesn’t care of US

Articles of Confederation

Powers:

* __States stronger__
* __Could not tax__ (major flaw)
* __No executive__

Accomplishments:

* __**Land Ordinance**__ **of 1785 (provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for** __**public education**__**)**
* __**Northwest Ordinance**__ **of 1787 (granted** __**limited self-gov**__**. to the developing territory and** __**prohibited slavery in the region**__**)**

Thomas Paine

A recent English immigrant to the colonies

* wrote the essay __“Common Sense”__
* argued about the colonies becoming __independent states__ and __breaking all political ties with British monarchy__
* mentioned it was __unreasonable__ for a large continent to be ruled by a small and distant island and people to pledge allegiance to a king whose government was corrupt

Loyalists

Those who maintained their allegiance to the king, also called Tories

* __**Close ties to England**__
* Mostly __merchants__

Importance of the Battle of Saratoga

The __turning point of the war__

* now the French feel it is worth helping the colonies

Bacon’s Rebellion

Outcome: __**slavery**__

Shays’ Rebellion

* Shays was a farmer and war vet
* __rallied the farmers__; taxes and land foreclosure
* rebellion __shut down tax collection__ offices and __debtors courts__
* __**Tax Issue**__

Whiskey Rebellion

__Hamilton__, to make up the revenue lost because the tariffs were lower than he wanted, __persuaded Congress to pass excise taxes, particularly on the sale of whiskey__

* Rather than paying the tax, __rebelling farmers defended their “liberties” by attacking the revenue collectors__
* Washington responded to this crisis by federalizing 15,000 state militiamen; the show of force caused the Whiskey Rebellion to __collapse with almost no bloodshed__
* __**Tax Issue**__

Liberty Party

__**Abolitionists**__

* __Anti-slavery__

Railroads

Goals:

* __**Settle the west**__
* __**Land grants**__

Antebellum Reform Movements

2nd Great Awakening influenced:

* W- __Women’s__ Rights
* E- __Education__

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* A- __Abolition__
* U- Utopian Societies (__Transcendentalists__)
* D- __Dorothea__ Dix and…
* I- __Insane Asylum__ (and Prison) Reform
* T- __Temperance__

William Lloyd Garrison

__**“immediate emancipation without compensation”**__

* The __Liberator__

Compromise of 1850

__Response to the Mexican War__

* An attempt to keep a lid on the slavery issue
* __California__ wants to enter the Union as a __free state__

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__North__ benefits:

* __California__ admitted as a __free state__
* __Disputed territory__ between NM and TX goes to __NM__
* __No more slave trade in DC__

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__South__ Benefits:

* __NM and UT__ would have no restrictions on slavery (use __popular sovereignty__)
* __US pays off the debt__
* __**Stronger fugitive slave law**__ \*\*(\*\*By far the most controversial part of the compromise)

Emancipation Proclamation

Sept. 1862

* __Jan. 1st all slaves in states in rebellion will be free__
* Now makes it a __moral war__
* __Increases African-American enlistments__

Presidential Power

Lincoln __suspends “habeas corpus”__

* (Sends people straight to jail)

Border states (Civil War)

* These states __did not secede__
* __Vital__ to the __success of the Union__
* Contained __transportation__ and __communication__ lines that were vital to the war
* __Missouri__
* __Kentucky__
* __Maryland__
* __Delaware__

Strengths of the opposing sides (Civil War)

* North:
* Most of the __nation’s wealth__
* __Industrialization__ of the North gave an advantage in producing guns, bullets, and other materials needed for warfare
* __Railway system was superior__ than the South’s
* Had __most influential banks and financial markets__
* __Bigger population__
* South:
* __Larger than the North__ (conquering it would be hard)
* Felt that their __officer corps was superior__ to the officer corps of the Union

Reconstruction (Civil War)

__Freedmen’s Bureau__

* Educate, feed, and __help former slaves assimilate into society__ (poor whites also)

__Black Codes__

* attempted to economically __disable freed slaves__

Turner Thesis

* Jackson Turner asserted that the __American national character was shaped by the move west__
* He __argued that American democracy and self-reliance were products of the frontier experiences__

ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)

Was established as a __result of mounting public indignation in the 1880s against railroad malpractices and abuses__

Boss Tweed

__Boss of Tammany Hall, the most famous political machine__

Open Door Policy

European Powers had __divided China__ into “__**spheres of influence**__” (territories where the country controls)

* Russia
* England
* Japan
* Germany
* Austria

Cross of Gold Speech

William Bryan

Robber Barons

Term used to describe successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical

Roosevelt Corollary

* The US will __**police**__ the Americans/__**intervene**__ in __**Latin America**__ to protect US interests
* Keep __European powers away__

Panama Canal

* Capable through __Hay-Bunau Treaty__
* Will __reduce the travel time from Atlantic to the Pacific__
* Helps __trade__ and the __navy__

Jane Addams

A __middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses__

* Established __settlement houses__ (__Hull House__)

Muckrakers

Writers who __expose the “evils” of society__

* Increased circulation of newspapers and magazines helped the muckrakers influence on society

__Critical of “machine politics”__

* __Lack of comprehension programs for the poor__
* __Corruption__

Schenck v. US

The Supreme Court ruled:

* Schenk’s right to free speech is limited because his actions pose a __**“clear and present danger”**__ to the US

Great Migration

* __African Americans move North for factory jobs__
* Social tensions


* Women work in factories- support for suffrage grows

Amendments

* **13th Amendment**
* __Abolishes slavery__ in the US


* **14th Amendment**
* __Equal protection__ under the law __(former slaves are now citizens)__


* **15th Amendment**
* You may __not be denied the right to vote on the basis of race or former condition__


* **16th amendment**
* __Income tax__ (graduated)


* **17th amendment**
* Direct __election of senators__ (more political power for the people)
* **18th amendment**
* __Prohibition of Alcohol__
* **19th amendment**
* __Women’s suffrage__

Marbury v. Madison

John Marshall deciding on __judicial review__

* The __supreme court__ has the power to __declare an act of Congress unconstitutional__

McCulloch v. Maryland

MD was __taxing a branch of the national bank__

Marshall Rules:


1. The __bank is constitutional__
2. A state (MD) may __not tax the federal gov.__

MvM establishes __federal power over state power__

Gibbons v. Ogden

* NY __steamboat rights__
* __Congress controls interstate commerce__, not the states

Worcester v. Georgia

* __Cherokee__ have prime land in Georgia
* __Georgia wants to take the land__
* Supreme Court (under Marshall) rules the __SC has no real legal jurisdiction__ but the __Cherokee may stay in Georgia__

Plessy v. Ferguson

* Ruled that __because a car was provided for African-American passengers, the state of Louisiana had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment__
* Justices used the __“separate but equal” doctrine to justify their decision__

Muller v. Ogden

1908

* __Protection of women workers__ (conditions)
* Louis Brandeis (lawyer)
* Upheld an Oregon law __limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours__
* __Evidence of effects of factory work on women__

__Brandeis sets a precedent and becomes the 1st Jew on the SC__

Lochner v. NY

Supreme Court (1905)

* __Loss for Progressives__
* __Bakers lose fight for a 10-hour work day__ (down from 12)

Great Compromise

Connecticut Plan

* upper house (__Senate__): __equal vote__
* lower house (__House of Representatives__): based on __population__

Missouri Compromise

* __Missouri, slave__ state; __Maine, free__ state
* No slavery allowed __north of the 36’30 line__

Compromise of 1877

* __Hayes president__
* __**Reconstruction is over, US troops leave the south**__
* “Redeemers” take over the south

Crittenden Compromise

An __effort to stop the impending secession of some Southern states__

* Proposed to __extend the Missouri Compromise line westward and northward to California__