Period 2 APUSH Exam Review

Set includes SFI and Key Concepts for APUSH exam during period 1

Bacon's Rebellion

An armed uprising in colonial Virginia in 1676 led by _____ against Governor William Berkeley. Cause and Effect: Discontent over frontier defense and political corruption led to the rebellion, resulting in Berkeley's removal and increased racial tensions. Significance: It accelerated the shift towards slavery as a primary labor source in the colonies. Context/Connection: This event highlighted growing tensions between colonists and colonial governments, foreshadowing future conflicts.

Pueblo Revolt

A 1680 uprising of _____ against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico. Cause and Effect: Spanish oppression and attempts to suppress native religion caused the revolt, leading to temporary _____ independence. Significance: It demonstrated Native American resistance to colonization and preserved _____ culture. Context/Connection: This event was part of broader conflicts between Native Americans and European colonizers in North America.

King Philip's War

A conflict between New England colonists and Native Americans, primarily the Wampanoag, from 1675-1678. Cause and Effect: Tensions over land and cultural differences led to war, resulting in significant losses for both sides. Significance: It was one of the bloodiest conflicts in colonial America, weakening Native American power in New England. Context/Connection: This war exemplified the increasing hostilities between colonists and Native Americans as colonial expansion continued.

Colonial self rule

The practice of local governance in American colonies, where colonists elected their own representatives to colonial assemblies. Cause and Effect: Distance from Britain necessitated local governance, leading to increased political autonomy. Significance: It fostered democratic traditions and a sense of independence from Britain. Context/Connection: __ laid the groundwork for later resistance to British rule and the development of American democracy.

Restoration of the crown (1660)

The reestablishment of the English monarchy in 1660, ending the period of republican rule known as the Interregnum. Cause and Effect: Political instability led to the __, resulting in changes to colonial policies. Significance: It impacted the governance of American colonies and led to the creation of new colonies. Context/Connection: This event influenced the development of colonial systems and relationships with Native Americans.

Restoration Colonies

Colonies established or reorganized after the in 1660. Cause and Effect: The led to new colonial charters, resulting in expanded English territory in North America. Significance: These colonies diversified English holdings and introduced new forms of colonial governance. Context/Connection: The establishment of these colonies furthered English colonization efforts and competition with other European powers.

Carolinas

A proprietary colony established in 1663, initially as a single colony but later divided into North and South in 1712. Cause and Effect: The desire for expanded territory led to its establishment, resulting in a new model of colonial development. Significance: It became an important center for rice cultivation and the slave trade. Context/Connection: The exemplified the expansion of English colonization and the development of distinct regional economies.

Proprietorships

A form of colonial governance where the English monarch granted land and governing rights to individuals or groups. Cause and Effect: The need for colonial expansion led to this system, resulting in diverse forms of colonial administration. Significance: It allowed for experimentation in colonial governance and attracted diverse settlers. Context/Connection: __ represented a middle ground between royal and corporate colonies, influencing later colonial development.

Pennsylvania

A proprietary colony founded by William Penn in 1681 as a haven for Quakers and other religious minorities. Cause and Effect: Penn's desire for religious freedom led to its establishment, resulting in a diverse and prosperous colony. Significance: It became a model for religious tolerance and peaceful coexistence. Context/Connection: __'s founding principles influenced later American ideals of religious freedom and pluralism.

Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)

A Christian group founded in England in the 17th century, known for their emphasis on the 'inner light' and pacifism. Cause and Effect: Religious persecution in England led to migration, resulting in the founding of Pennsylvania. Significance: influenced colonial attitudes towards peace, equality, and social reform. Context/Connection: Their beliefs and practices contributed to the development of American values of religious freedom and social justice.

Mercantilism

An economic theory and practice dominant in Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries. Cause and Effect: The desire for national prosperity led to its adoption, resulting in colonial policies aimed at benefiting the mother country. Significance: It shaped colonial economic policies and contributed to tensions between colonies and Britain. Context/Connection: __ influenced the development of colonial economies and later resistance to British rule.

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws enacted from 1651 to 1673 to regulate colonial trade and enforce mercantilist policies. Cause and Effect: Mercantilist ideas led to these acts, resulting in restrictions on colonial trade. Significance: They shaped colonial economic development and contributed to tensions with Britain. Context/Connection: The __ were a key example of British attempts to control colonial economies, leading to later conflicts.

Dominion of New England

A short-lived administrative union of several English colonies in New England, created by King James II in 1686. Cause and Effect: The desire for tighter colonial control led to its creation, resulting in increased colonial resistance. Significance: It represented a failed attempt at centralizing colonial administration and angered colonists. Context/Connection: The __'s unpopularity contributed to growing tensions between the colonies and Britain.

Edmund Andros

The governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 to 1689. Cause and Effect: His appointment stemmed from the desire for tighter control, resulting in increased colonial resentment. Significance: __'s unpopular policies fueled colonial resistance to centralized authority. Context/Connection: His governorship exemplified growing tensions between colonial desires for autonomy and British attempts at control.

Glorious Revolution

The overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange in 1688. Cause and Effect: James II's Catholic sympathies and absolutist tendencies led to his overthrow, resulting in a constitutional monarchy. Significance: It had far-reaching effects on the American colonies, including the end of the Dominion of New England. Context/Connection: This event influenced colonial political thought and expectations of government.

William & Mary

The joint monarchs who ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland following the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Cause and Effect: The Glorious Revolution led to their ascension, resulting in a more limited monarchy. Significance: Their reign saw changes in colonial administration and the strengthening of Parliament. Context/Connection: __'s rule marked a shift in English governance that influenced colonial political development.

Constitutional monarchy

A system of government established in England after the Glorious Revolution, where the monarch's power is limited by law and a parliamentary system. Cause and Effect: The Glorious Revolution led to its establishment, resulting in increased parliamentary power. Significance: It influenced political thought in the colonies and ideas about balanced government. Context/Connection: This system of government later influenced the development of American political institutions.

Leisler's rebellion

A 1689 uprising in colonial New York led by Jacob Leisler, who seized control of the colony's government following the Glorious Revolution in England. Cause and Effect: News of the Glorious Revolution and local grievances led to the rebellion, resulting in temporary colonial self-rule. Significance: It highlighted colonial desires for self-governance and religious freedom. Context/Connection: This rebellion was part of a broader pattern of colonial resistance to centralized authority in the late 17th century.

Terrible Transformation

The gradual shift in the American colonies, particularly in the South, from indentured servitude to race-based slavery as the primary form of labor. Cause and Effect: Economic factors and racial prejudices led to this shift, resulting in the entrenchment of slavery. Significance: It fundamentally shaped American society, economy, and race relations. Context/Connection: This transformation had long-lasting impacts on American history and social structures.

Anthony Johnson

An African American farmer and landowner in 17th-century Virginia who was originally an indentured servant but later became a free man and slave owner. Cause and Effect: His success as a free black man led to his ownership of slaves, reflecting the complex racial dynamics of early colonial America. Significance: __'s story illustrates the fluid nature of race and status in early colonial society. Context/Connection: His experience provides insight into the gradual development of racial slavery in the colonies.

South Atlantic System and its impact on Great Britain

A trade network linking Africa, the Americas, and Europe, centered on the exchange of slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods. Cause and Effect: The demand for labor in the Americas led to its development, resulting in significant economic growth for Britain. Significance: It fueled the growth of the British Empire and shaped global economic patterns. Context/Connection: This system was crucial to the development of the colonial economies and the rise of slavery.

Middle Passage

The forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, forming the middle leg of the triangular trade route. Cause and Effect: The demand for slave labor led to this practice, resulting in immense suffering and cultural displacement. Significance: It was a crucial component of the Atlantic slave trade and had lasting demographic impacts. Context/Connection: The __ represents one of the most tragic aspects of the colonial era and Atlantic world.

Caribbean slavery - treatment of slaves

The harsh system of slavery in the Caribbean colonies, characterized by brutal working conditions, high mortality rates, and severe punishments. Cause and Effect: The labor-intensive nature of sugar production led to harsh treatment, resulting in frequent slave revolts and high death rates. Significance: It set a precedent for slavery practices in other colonies. Context/Connection: __ influenced the development of slavery systems throughout the Americas.

Caribbean slavery - crops grown

The primary crops cultivated by enslaved laborers in the Caribbean, including sugar, tobacco, and later coffee and cotton. Cause and Effect: European demand for these crops led to their cultivation, resulting in the expansion of slavery. Significance: These crops fueled the Caribbean economy and shaped labor systems. Context/Connection: The cultivation of these crops in the Caribbean influenced agricultural practices and slavery systems in other colonies.

Slave trade and its impact on Africa

The forced removal of millions of Africans to the Americas, which had profound demographic, economic, and social impacts on African societies. Cause and Effect: Demand for labor in the Americas led to the __, resulting in population loss and social disruption in Africa. Significance: It devastated many African societies and altered the continent's development. Context/Connection: The __'s impact on Africa was a crucial aspect of the broader Atlantic world economy.

Society with slaves

A social system where slavery exists but is not the dominant form of labor or basis of the economy. Cause and Effect: The presence of slavery without economic dependence on it led to this system, resulting in a different social dynamic than in slave societies. Significance: It represented a transitional phase in some colonies before the full development of slave societies. Context/Connection: This concept helps in understanding the evolution of slavery in different colonial regions.

Slave society

A social and economic system in which slavery is the dominant form of labor and the basis of the economy. Cause and Effect: The profitability of slave labor in certain crops led to this system, resulting in a society structured around slavery. Significance: It fundamentally shaped the social, economic, and political structures of regions where it developed. Context/Connection: The concept of __ is crucial for understanding the differences between colonial regions and their later development.

Society with slaves vs. slave society

The distinction between a society where slavery exists but is not dominant and one where slavery is the primary labor system and basis of the economy. Cause and Effect: Different economic and social factors led to these distinctions, resulting in varied colonial developments. Significance: This distinction helps explain differences in colonial social structures and later regional divisions. Context/Connection: Understanding this difference is key to analyzing the development of slavery in different colonial regions.

Role of life expectancy in transition from servitude to slavery

The impact of increasing life expectancy on the shift from indentured servitude to slavery in the colonies. Cause and Effect: Improved living conditions led to longer lifespans, resulting in a shift towards slavery as a more profitable labor system. Significance: This factor contributed to the entrenchment of racial slavery. Context/Connection: This transition was a crucial aspect of the broader 'Terrible Transformation' in colonial labor systems.

Bacon's Rebellion - turning point in Terrible Transformation in Virginia

The 1676 uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon, which accelerated the shift towards racial slavery in Virginia. Cause and Effect: Social tensions and frontier conflicts led to the rebellion, resulting in increased racial stratification. Significance: It marked a turning point in the development of racial slavery in Virginia. Context/Connection: This event was crucial in the broader process of the 'Terrible Transformation' in colonial America.

New England Colonies: Geography/Climate Economy, Religion/Culture, Politics/Government, Diversity, Family/Gender Roles, Education

Characterized by rocky soil, cold winters, and short growing seasons. Cause and Effect: Geographic factors shaped the economy, while religious beliefs influenced social structures. Significance: __'s unique characteristics influenced its development and later regional identity. Context/Connection: These factors distinguished __ from other colonial regions and shaped its role in early American history.

Middle Colonies: Geography/Climate Economy, Religion/Culture, Politics/Government, Diversity, Family/Gender Roles, Education

Featured fertile soil and moderate climate. Cause and Effect: Geographic and political factors led to diversity, resulting in a more pluralistic society. Significance: The __'s diversity foreshadowed later American pluralism. Context/Connection: This region's characteristics contrasted with both New England and the Southern Colonies, contributing to colonial diversity.

Southern Colonies: Geography/Climate Economy, Religion/Culture, Politics/Government, Diversity, Family/Gender Roles, Education

Warm climate and fertile soil suitable for cash crops. Cause and Effect: Geographic factors led to a plantation economy, resulting in the entrenchment of slavery. Significance: The colonial system laid the groundwork for later regional conflicts. Context/Connection: The distinctive features of the contributed to growing regional differences in colonial America.

The Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals that swept through the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. Cause and Effect: Social and religious conditions led to the revival, resulting in increased religious fervor and social reform. Significance: It fostered a sense of shared American identity and challenged traditional authority. Context/Connection: __ helped prepare the colonies for the American Revolution by promoting ideas of individual liberty and equality.

Jonathan Edwards

A prominent Puritan minister and theologian during the Great Awakening, known for his powerful sermons and philosophical works. Cause and Effect: __'s intellectual and spiritual pursuits led to influential preaching, resulting in widespread religious revival. Significance: His works shaped American Protestant theology and influenced the Great Awakening. Context/Connection: __'s emphasis on personal religious experience contributed to the individualistic spirit of the American colonies.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

A sermon delivered by Jonathan Edwards in 1741, vividly describing the perils of divine judgment and the need for immediate repentance. Cause and Effect: The vivid imagery and emotional appeal of the sermon led to intense religious reactions, resulting in numerous conversions. Significance: It exemplified the fire-and-brimstone preaching style of the Great Awakening. Context/Connection: This sermon reflected the religious intensity of the period and its impact on colonial society.

George Whitefield

An Anglican minister and one of the key figures of the Great Awakening, known for his powerful oratory and open-air preaching. Cause and Effect: __'s charismatic preaching led to widespread religious revival, resulting in the conversion of thousands. Significance: He helped unify the colonies through his travels and promoted a more emotional, personal form of Christianity. Context/Connection: __'s popularity demonstrated the growing desire for a more accessible and emotional religious experience in the colonies.

"New Lights"

Supporters of the Great Awakening who emphasized emotional religious experiences and personal conversion. Cause and Effect: The emphasis on personal religious experience led to church splits and new denominations. Significance: They promoted religious enthusiasm and challenged traditional religious hierarchies. Context/Connection: This movement contributed to the democratization of American religion and society.

"Old Lights"

Critics of the Great Awakening who favored traditional religious practices and were skeptical of emotional revivals. Cause and Effect: Concerns about religious extremism led to conflicts within established churches. Significance: They represented the traditional religious establishment and its resistance to change. Context/Connection: The conflict between and reflected broader tensions in colonial society.

"New Lights" vs. "Old Lights"

The theological and social divide between supporters and critics of the Great Awakening. Cause and Effect: Differing interpretations of religious experience led to lasting changes in American Protestantism. Significance: This division reflected broader social and cultural changes in the colonies. Context/Connection: The debate between these groups contributed to the development of religious pluralism in America.

The Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism that challenged traditional authority. Cause and Effect: Scientific discoveries and philosophical inquiries led to widespread social and political reforms. Significance: It profoundly influenced American political thought and founding principles. Context/Connection: __ ideas played a crucial role in shaping the American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution.

Benjamin Franklin

A prominent American polymath, inventor, writer, and statesman who embodied Enlightenment ideals. Cause and Effect: His curiosity and practical mindset led to numerous inventions and influential ideas. Significance: He played a crucial role in the American Revolution and the founding of the United States. Context/Connection: __'s life exemplified the application of Enlightenment principles in the American context.

Deism

A religious philosophy emphasizing reason and observation of the natural world as a basis for religious belief. Cause and Effect: The emphasis on reason in the Enlightenment led to challenges to traditional religious authority. Significance: It influenced many of America's founding fathers and shaped early American religious thought. Context/Connection: The rise of __ reflected the growing influence of Enlightenment ideas in the colonies.

Influence on Revolutionary thinking

The impact of Enlightenment ideas on the political philosophy underpinning the American Revolution. Cause and Effect: Exposure to Enlightenment writings led colonists to question traditional authority, resulting in revolutionary sentiments. Significance: These ideas provided the intellectual foundation for American independence and the new government. Context/Connection: This __ demonstrates the interplay between European ideas and American political development.

John Locke

An English philosopher whose ideas about natural rights, social contract, and limited government greatly influenced American revolutionary thought. Cause and Effect: His philosophical writings led to new conceptions of government and individual rights. Significance: __'s ideas formed the basis for much of American political philosophy. Context/Connection: His concepts were fundamental to the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

Two Treatises on Government

A work outlining ideas on the nature of government, natural rights, and the social contract. Cause and Effect: Philosophical arguments challenged absolute monarchy, resulting in new ideas about legitimate government. Significance: This work profoundly influenced American revolutionary thought and founding documents. Context/Connection: The ideas in __ provided intellectual justification for the American Revolution.

Salutary Neglect

An unofficial British policy of relaxed enforcement of trade regulations in the American colonies. Cause and Effect: Britain's focus on European affairs led to increased colonial self-governance. Significance: It fostered economic growth and political independence in the colonies. Context/Connection: This period of relative autonomy contributed to later resistance to increased British control.

Patronage

The practice of appointing individuals to government positions based on political connections rather than merit. Cause and Effect: The desire to maintain political control led to inefficiencies and resentment in the colonies. Significance: It shaped colonial politics and later influenced American attitudes towards government appointments. Context/Connection: The abuse of __ contributed to colonial grievances against British rule.

Georgia

The last of the original thirteen American colonies, founded as a haven for debtors and the 'worthy poor.' Cause and Effect: Humanitarian concerns and strategic considerations led to a unique colonial experiment. Significance: Its establishment completed the southern colonial frontier and strengthened British presence. Context/Connection: __'s founding reflected both philanthropic ideals and imperial ambitions of the early 18th century.

Development of American government and culture

The gradual evolution of distinct political institutions and cultural practices in the American colonies. Cause and Effect: Colonial experiences and Enlightenment ideas led to increased desire for self-governance. Significance: These developments laid the groundwork for American independence and future government. Context/Connection: The emergence of a distinct American political culture set the stage for later conflicts with Britain.

Molasses Act - colonial response

The reaction of American colonists to the 1733 act imposing heavy duties on molasses imports. Cause and Effect: The act's economic threat led to widespread evasion through smuggling and bribery. Significance: The colonial response demonstrated early resistance to British economic regulations. Context/Connection: This episode foreshadowed later conflicts over British taxation and trade policies.

French and Indian War

A conflict fought between Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763. Cause and Effect: Competing colonial ambitions led to British dominance in North America. Significance: The war's outcome reshaped the colonial map and set the stage for the American Revolution. Context/Connection: This conflict marked a turning point in colonial relations with Britain and Native American tribes.

French and Indian War Causes

The underlying reasons for the outbreak of the war, including territorial disputes and competition for alliances. Cause and Effect: Expansion of colonial settlements led to conflicts over territory and military confrontation. Significance: These causes reflected the broader imperial rivalry between Britain and France. Context/Connection: The war's origins highlighted complex relationships between European powers, colonists, and Native Americans.

French and Indian War Combatants

The main parties involved in the war, including British forces, American colonial militias, French troops, and Native American allies. Cause and Effect: Alliances and colonial rivalries led to a complex and widespread conflict. Significance: The war involved diverse groups and shaped future relations between Europeans and Native Americans. Context/Connection: The involvement of various combatants reflected the multi-faceted nature of colonial conflicts.

Braddock's defeat

A significant British military defeat in 1755 during the early stages of the French and Indian War. Cause and Effect: Overconfidence and unfamiliarity with frontier warfare led to a setback for British war efforts. Significance: The defeat highlighted the challenges of European-style warfare in North America. Context/Connection: This event influenced future British military strategies and colonial attitudes towards British leadership.

French and Indian War outcome and effect on Britain and colonies

The results of the war, including British victory, territorial gains, and subsequent policy changes. Cause and Effect: British victory led to expanded territory and increased colonial administration costs, resulting in new policies and taxes. Significance: The war's aftermath set the stage for colonial discontent and the American Revolution. Context/Connection: This outcome transformed the relationship between Britain and its American colonies.

Pontiac's Rebellion

A Native American uprising against British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War. Cause and Effect: Discontent with British policies and fear of colonial expansion led to widespread conflict on the frontier. Significance: The rebellion influenced British colonial policies, including the Proclamation of 1763. Context/Connection: This event highlighted ongoing tensions between Native Americans and British colonists after the war.

Proclamation of 1763

A royal decree prohibiting American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Cause and Effect: Concerns about frontier conflicts led to colonial resentment and defiance. Significance: It marked a shift in British colonial policy and angered many colonists. Context/Connection: This decree was one of the first major points of contention between Britain and the American colonies after the French and Indian War.

Fort Pitt

A British fortification built in 1758 during the French and Indian War at the site of present-day Pittsburgh. Cause and Effect: The strategic importance of the location led to increased British control of the Ohio Valley. Significance: It became a key outpost for British expansion westward. Context/Connection: _'s establishment marked a shift in the balance of power in the region during the war.

SFI: Spanish missions, French fur trade, Dutch New Amsterdam, British Jamestown. Connection: These examples illustrate the varied colonization approaches and goals of different European powers in North America.

2.1
Europeans developed diverse colonization and migration patterns in North America, competing with each other and Native Americans for resources while pursuing their imperial goals.

SFI: Encomienda system, Jesuit missions, Hudson's Bay Company, Headright system. Connection: These systems demonstrate how different European powers implemented their unique colonial strategies and interacted with indigenous peoples.

2.1.I
Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had distinct economic and imperial objectives that shaped their colonies' development and relationships with native populations.

SFI: New England's rocky soil and fishing industry, Chesapeake's tobacco cultivation, Carolina's rice plantations. Connection: These regional variations showcase how different environments and resources influenced the development of distinct colonial economies and societies.

2.1.II
Early 17th-century British colonies along the Atlantic coast developed regional differences based on environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors.

SFI: Beaver Wars, King Philip's War, French and Indian War. Connection: These conflicts exemplify the tensions and violence that arose from resource competition between European colonizers and Native Americans.

2.1.III
Competition for resources among European rivals and American Indians led to increased trade and conflict in the Americas.

SFI: Navigation Acts, Great Awakening, Enlightenment ideas, colonial assemblies. Connection: These examples illustrate the complex relationship between the colonies and Britain, involving both increased connections and growing tensions.

2.2
British colonies engaged in various exchanges with Great Britain, strengthening ties while also fostering resistance to British control.

SFI: Triangular trade, Protestant denominations, republican ideals, Committees of Correspondence. Connection: These exchanges demonstrate how transatlantic interactions shaped colonial identities and inter-colonial relationships.

2.2.I
Transatlantic exchanges in commerce, religion, philosophy, and politics led British colonists to evolve in their attitudes and ties to Britain and each other.

SFI: Middle Passage, cash crop plantations, urban slavery, slave codes. Connection: These aspects of slavery in British North America reflect how the institution was adapted to suit the particular needs and conditions of different colonies.

2.2.II
English colonies, like other European empires in the Americas, developed a system of slavery shaped by their specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics.