Unit 2 AP HUGE

population distribution

pattern of human settlement—the spread of people across the earth

arithmetic population density

people per unit of land

physiological population density

people per unit of arable land

agricultural population density

farmers per unit of arable land

carrying capacity

number of people a region can support without damaging its environment

age-sex composition graph

also called a population pyramid, only displays age and gender data but can tell us a lot of information not on the graph

birth deficit

(1) a narrowed base or a dip in the youngest age cohorts, indicating fewer births than expected

baby boom

(2nd) spike of births caused when conflict ends

baby bust

(3rd) an echo of a baby boom where birth rates are lower until the boomers reach childbearing age

echo

a reflection of data from past events

potential workforce

group expected to be the society’s labor force

dependent population

everybody else besides the potential workforce, too young or old to be economically active

dependency ratio

comparison between the size of the potential workforce and the dependent population

migration

the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

voluntary migration

migration made by choice in pursuit of a better life

push factors

negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave

pull factors

positive circumstances or factors that attract migrants

immigrant

a person migrating across an international border with the intention to stay permanently

emigrant

from the perspective of the country the migrant is leaving, they are viewed as this

Lee’s model of migration

there are push and pull factors at both the source and destination. There are intervening obstacles in between.

intervening obstacles

barriers of any sorts that make migration difficult

intervening opportunities

opportunities that make migration difficult (EX: a migrant gets a job along the way)

distance decay

things near another are more closely connected than things far apart

gravity model of migration (+ formula)

model assuming the size and distance between two places will influence the amount of interactions between them ((population 1 x population 2)/distance²)

step migration

most migration occurs this way, migrants reach their destination through a series of smaller steps and moves

chain migration

when people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there.

most mobile population in the world

The United States

forced migration

involuntary migration, migrants are left with no choice but to move

refugees

forced migrants who migrate to another country, crossing international borders

internal migration

migrating inside a country, without crossing international borders.

transnational migration

migration to another country, crossing international borders

chain migration

when migrants decide to settle where their ancestors, friends, or family have resided in the past, creating a community (EX: Chinatown)

asylum

some refugees apply for this, protection granted from one country to an immigrant from another country, guaranteeing that they will not be harmed if they return

guest workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn't available locally

transhumance

process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

homestead act

U.S. government gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm for 5 years

xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

remittances

money sent to family and friends in the country an emigrate leaves

brain drain

when migration out of a country is made up of highly skilled people, this occurs to the country

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group (EX: Chinatown, Little Italy)

total fertility rate

average number of children born per woman in childbearing years in a country

(number) the replacement rate for a stable population

2.1

demographic transition model

a model showing 5 typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

epidemiological transition model

an extension of the demographic transition model showing death rates and common causes of death within societies.

Malthusian theory

the theory that population will outgrow natural resources, specifically food, leading to widespread starvation.

neo-Malthusians

modern believers of the Malthusian theory who argue that population growth is a great threat.

conflict in Rwanda

Hutu v. Tutsi. During the German/Belgian occupation, Tutsi (minority) were favored, increasing tension between the groups. Post-independence, Hutus took power, and the RPF (Tutsi rebel forces) fought the government. Genocide sparked when the Hutu President was killed (4/6/1994). 100 days of mass killings (800,000+ killed; mainly with machetes). The RPF took back control, and the genocide ended in July of 1994.

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

1) most migrants go a short distance, 2) big cities attract long-distance migrants, 3) step migration, 4) most are rural to urban, 5) each migration produces a counterflow, 6) most migrants are single adults (families are less likely to move internationally), 7) most migrants are young adult males, 8) most migration for economic reasons, 9) migration increases with economic development

demography

the scientific study of demographics and human population, focusing on their size, structure, and distribution.