Abnormal Psychology CH 1; E 1

family aggregation

family aggregation

whether a disorder runs in families

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

DSM Mental Disorder

a syndrome that is present in an individual and that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation, or cognitive functioning.

nomenclature

naming system

stigma

mark of disgrace

stereotyping

automatic beliefs concerning other people that we unavoidably learn as a result of growing up in a particular culture

labeling

a person's self-concept may be directly affected by being given a diagnosis of schizophrenia, depression, or some other form of mental illness.

epidemiology

the study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population.

prevalence

the number of active cases in a population during any given period of time; typically percentages

point prevalence

the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time.

1-year prevalence

everyone who experienced a disorder at any point in time throughout the entire year

lifetime prevalence

an estimate of the number of people who have had a particular disorder at any time in their lives (even if they are now recovered)

incidence

number of new cases that occur over a given period of time (typically 1 year)

comorbidity

the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

acute

short term

chronic

long term

etiology

cause of disease

case study

study of one individual in great detail

bias

the writer of the case study selects what information to include and what information to omit.

generalizability

extent to which research results apply to a range of individuals not included in the study.

self-report data

data collected directly from participants, typically by means of interviews or questionnaires

hypothesis

an effort to explain, predict, or explore something.

sampling

the process of selecting representative units from a total population

external validity

extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

internal validity

how confident we can be in the results of a particular given study.

criterion group

group of subjects who exhibit the disorder under study compared to the comparison/control group

correlational research design

research that measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two or more variables that are not created by the experimenter

correlation coefficient

r

correlation

runs from 0 to 1, with a number closer to 1 representing a stronger association between the two variables.

statistical significance

the probability that the correlation would occur purely by chance

effect size

size of the association between two variables independent of the sample size.

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

third variable problem

a problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest.

retrospective research

collect information about how the patients behaved early in their lives with the goal of identifying factors that might have been associated with what went wrong later.

prospective research

identify individuals who have a higher-than-average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered and to focus research attention on them before any disorder manifests.

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

experimental research

scientists control all factors except one—the factor that could have an effect on a variable or outcome of interest.

random assignment

every research participant has an equal chance of being placed in the treatment or the no-treatment condition.

single-case research design

an experimental research design (e.g. an ABAB design) that involves only one subject

analogue studies

we study not the true item of interest but an approximation to it.

nosology

the branch of medical science dealing with the classification of diseases.

hygiology

science of the preservation of health; the study of health

1/2 of those with depression delay treatment for...

6-8 years

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

generates magnetic field which stimulates brain tissue