hist 1302 exam2

What was the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, and what were its results and larger consequences?

The 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire killed 146 workers, mostly young immigrant women, due to locked exits and lack of safety protocols. This tragedy led to major workplace safety reforms, including fire codes, inspections, and labor laws. It also energized the labor movement and Progressive reformers to push for better conditions in industrial settings.

How did the U.S. government try to get people on board with WWI (think propaganda machine)?

The U.S. government created the Committee on Public Information (CPI) in 1917, led by George Creel. It used posters, films, speeches, and pamphlets to encourage patriotism, demonize the enemy, and promote the war effort. "Four-Minute Men" gave short pro-war speeches, and the media was used to unify Americans behind the cause.

What were the Palmer Raids? Who were the targets and why? What is the larger theme of the event?

The Palmer Raids (1919-1920) were government actions led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to arrest and deport suspected radicals, particularly immigrants, anarchists, and communists. Thousands were detained without warrants. The larger theme was the First Red Scare—a fear of communism and radicalism after the Russian Revolution and labor unrest in the U.S..

What were the causes of World War I? Was there a singular event that triggered it?

World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914 by a Serbian nationalist was the immediate trigger, setting off a chain of declarations of war due to entangled alliances.

What two primary reasons caused the U.S. to join World War I?

The U.S. joined WWI due to: 1. Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany, which sank American and Allied ships, including the Lusitania. 2. The Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico against the U.S., promising to help Mexico regain lost territory.

Explain Progressivism's primary purpose.

Progressivism aimed to reform society and government to address the problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption. Reformers sought to improve living and working conditions, regulate big business, expand democracy, and reduce social injustice.

Explain the different types of Progressive Movements that were created (social groups, social responses) and some strategies used to get the message out.

Progressive movements included labor reformers, women's suffrage groups, temperance advocates, and muckraking journalists. Strategies included publishing exposés (muckraking), forming advocacy organizations, lobbying politicians, and organizing protests and educational campaigns.

Understand women's suffrage. What were their strategies to get the vote?

Women used lobbying, state-by-state campaigns, marches, civil disobedience, and hunger strikes. Groups like NAWSA worked within the system, while the National Woman's Party used more militant tactics. These combined efforts led to the 19th Amendment in 1920.

What role did Flappers play? Who were they and what were they trying to accomplish?

Flappers were young women in the 1920s who rejected traditional gender roles through fashion, behavior, and attitudes. They wore short dresses, bobbed their hair, smoked, and embraced sexual freedom. They symbolized a broader cultural shift toward modern womanhood and personal liberation.

Explain the KKK and its importance, including factors contributing to its growth (1910s-20s) and decline.

The Ku Klux Klan resurged in the 1910s and 1920s, promoting white supremacy and targeting African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants. It grew due to racial tensions, nativism, and fears of cultural change. Its decline came after internal corruption, scandals, and public backlash.

Expand on the Great Migration and its larger significance.

The Great Migration (1916-1970) was the movement of over 6 million African Americans from the rural South to Northern cities. It was driven by the search for jobs and escape from Jim Crow laws. It transformed urban America and laid the groundwork for civil rights activism.

Expand on the League of Nations.

Proposed by President Wilson in his Fourteen Points, the League of Nations was meant to be an international peacekeeping organization. Though included in the Treaty of Versailles, the U.S. Senate rejected joining, fearing entanglement in foreign wars. The League had limited effectiveness without U.S. participation.

Explain and understand the Treaty of Versailles (World War I).

Signed in 1919, the treaty ended WWI. It blamed Germany for the war, imposed heavy reparations, stripped Germany of territory, and created the League of Nations. Critics argued it was too harsh and helped lead to WWII.

Explain the significance of muckraking. What did it mean and what were muckrakers doing?

Muckrakers were investigative journalists who exposed social problems and corruption in business and government. Their work led to reforms such as the Pure Food and Drug Act and public awareness of issues like child labor and monopolies.

Explain the differences between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois' views on education, and what role education played in their minds concerning African Americans.

Booker T. Washington emphasized vocational training and accommodation to white society. W.E.B. DuBois argued for higher education and immediate civil rights. DuBois believed a "Talented Tenth" should lead the fight for equality.

What drugs were targeted during the U.S. drug war in the 1920s, and what people were targeted for drug use?

The U.S. targeted opium, cocaine, and marijuana. Enforcement disproportionately focused on immigrants and communities of color, associating drug use with racial and ethnic minorities.

What exactly did the U.S. do during the Drug War of the 1920s? What were some strategies by the U.S. government?

The government passed stricter drug laws, increased policing, and framed drug use as a moral and racial issue. Public campaigns linked drugs to crime and non-white groups.

Explain the larger significance of Prohibition. What did it outlaw and why? What were motivating factors to outlaw alcohol?

Prohibition (1920-1933) outlawed the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol. Motivated by temperance movements, religious groups, and concerns about public morality, it led to organized crime and widespread illegal activity.

Explain the Teapot Dome Scandal. What happened and why were Republicans involved?

Under President Harding, Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall secretly leased government oil reserves (Teapot Dome, Wyoming) to private companies in exchange for bribes. It was a major corruption scandal involving Republican officials.

What were the contributing factors to war breaking out in Europe prior to World War I?

Key factors were militarism, alliance systems, imperial competition, and nationalism. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered the war due to existing tensions and alliances.

What was the U.S. doing prior to their official involvement in World War I? (Think Mexico)

The U.S. maintained neutrality but engaged in interventions, especially in Latin America and Mexico. It occupied Veracruz in 1914 and pursued Pancho Villa after raids into the U.S..

What part of America did African Americans make their own during the 1920s?

Harlem in New York became a cultural and intellectual hub for African Americans during the Harlem Renaissance.

In what ways did African Americans find themselves in service during World War I?

African Americans served in segregated units, often in labor roles. Despite discrimination, many saw service as a claim to full citizenship.

What else did the end of World War I bring? What kinds of international changes occurred, particularly regarding the securing of empires?

WWI ended several empires (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German) and led to new nations in Europe and the Middle East. It also fueled colonial independence movements and reshaped global power dynamics.

Who was Marcus Garvey and what did he fight for? What happened to him and his organization?

Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). He advocated Black pride, economic independence, and a "Back to Africa" movement. He was later deported after being convicted of mail fraud.

Be able to explain the Tulsa Massacre and its larger significance.

In 1921, a white mob destroyed the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma, known as "Black Wall Street". Up to 300 people were killed. It was one of the worst incidents of racial violence in U.S. history and highlighted racial tensions and injustice.

Understand the role of religion, particularly Christian Fundamentalism, and its impact on the 1920s (Think Scopes Monkey Trial).

Christian fundamentalists rejected modernist ideas like evolution. The 1925 Scopes Trial involved a teacher who was tried for teaching evolution in Tennessee. The trial became a national debate between science and religion.

Think about the distinctions between different models of imperialism. What types of empire building was going on in different countries/territories by the U.S. (economic, war, cultural)?

The U.S. built empire through war (Philippines), economic dominance (Latin America, China), and cultural influence (missionaries, schools). Empire-building varied by region and strategy.

Understand the Open Door Policy and what it tried to accomplish.

The Open Door Policy aimed to allow equal trading rights in China and prevent colonization by foreign powers, ensuring U.S. access to Chinese markets.

In what ways did the United States develop "empire" in other countries? Did it always look exactly the same?

U.S. imperialism varied: military rule (Philippines), economic control (Haiti, Latin America), and cultural influence (China). It depended on the region and political context.

How did the United States respond to different immigrants? Were some welcomed more than other groups? Were any banned?

European immigrants (especially Northern/Western Europeans) were more accepted. Asians, particularly Chinese, were targeted and banned through laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act. Southern and Eastern Europeans faced quotas and discrimination.

Which people or organizations protested U.S. imperial activities? Why did they protest?

The Anti-Imperialist League protested on moral and constitutional grounds, arguing empire contradicted American values of self-determination and democracy.

Know the roles of Nativism and anti-Catholic sentiments by people in the United States. Why did they dislike Catholics?

Nativists viewed Catholics as loyal to the Pope rather than American democracy. They feared Catholic immigrants (mainly from Ireland and Southern/Eastern Europe) would undermine Protestant American culture.

Know the amendments created during the Spanish-American War, particularly those dealing with the island of Cuba and its people.

The Teller Amendment pledged U.S. non-annexation of Cuba. The Platt Amendment (1901) later allowed U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs and established a U.S. naval base at Guantánamo Bay.

Understand the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the organization's primary purpose.

The WCTU aimed to eliminate alcohol consumption, which it saw as the root of social problems like domestic violence and poverty. It also supported women's suffrage and broader social reform.

Understand the Hull House/settlement houses and their primary purpose.

Founded by Jane Addams, Hull House provided social services to immigrants, including education, childcare, and job training. It was part of the Progressive movement to improve urban life.

Know the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. What were the purposes of those acts?

Passed in 1906, they aimed to protect consumers:

• Meat Inspection Act: Ensured sanitary meatpacking practices.

• Pure Food and Drug Act: Prevented mislabeling and harmful ingredients in food and medicine.

Know the larger ideological contributions of the Progressive Era. What idea did they try to instill in Americans?

Progressives promoted the idea that government should actively solve social problems, protect workers and consumers, and make democracy more responsive and fair.

How did the U.S. War Department utilize the idea of "sex" during World War I?

The military tried to prevent venereal disease by regulating soldiers' sexual behavior. They restricted prostitution near army camps and promoted sexual abstinence or hygiene.

Know the different Acts passed by the U.S. government during World War I (Espionage Act/Sedition Act).

• Espionage Act (1917): Punished spying and interference with the draft.

• Sedition Act (1918): Criminalized criticizing the government, war, or military.

Understand the full context of Schenck v. United States (1919). What was the result of the Supreme Court Case?

Charles Schenck was convicted under the Espionage Act for distributing anti-draft leaflets. The Supreme Court upheld the conviction, establishing the "clear and present danger" standard for limiting free speech.

Know the full circumstances of the Boxer Rebellion.

In 1900, Chinese nationalists (Boxers) attacked foreign diplomats and missionaries. An international force, including U.S. troops, crushed the rebellion. It reflected China's resistance to imperialism.

Understand the annexation of Hawaii by the United States.

In 1898, the U.S. annexed Hawaii after American business interests overthrew Queen Liliuokalani. The islands became strategically and economically valuable to the U.S..

Know why hostilities broke out between the United States and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.

After defeating Spain, the U.S. refused to grant independence to the Philippines. Filipino nationalists, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, resisted in the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), which resulted in a brutal U.S. victory and colonial rule.