ESS chap 8. Human systems and resource use

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

number of births / total population * 1000

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

number of deaths / total population * 1000

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

(CBR - CDR) / 10

Doubling Time (T)

70 / NIR

HDI (human development index)

measure the “well-being” of a country

3 components:

• health (life expectancy)

• wealth (GDP)

• level of education

highest HDI

• Norway

• Australia

• Switzerland

lowest HDI

• Niger

• Central African Republic

• Eritrea

evaluation

• diverse and comprehensive (takes multiple factors into consideration)

Case study (resource failure): Sahel long drought

Cause: humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation, and poor land management

Consequences: death of approximately 100,000 people because of food shortages and diseases (since the land was overused, it was not productive anymore)

Solution: create a green wall -> restore 100 million hectares of land, sequester 250 million tonnes of carbon and create 10 million jobs

Mathus vs Boserup (pop growth ad food shortages model)

Resource failure : Sahel long drought

Cause: humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation, and poor land management

Consequences: death of approximately 100,000 people because of food shortages and diseases (since the land was overused, it was not productive anymore)

Solution: create a green wall -> restore 100 million hectares of land, sequester 250 million tonnes of carbon and create 10 million jobs

Demographic Transition Model

Case study : influencing human population growth - India

National Population Policy (2000, latest one)

Impact : Aimed for a stable population by 2045; promoted maternal health, contraception, and education

Problems : Implementation challenges, uneven progress among states, gender and socio-cultural barriers

Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)

established by the United Nations in 2000

a set of 8 international development goals

All 189 UN member states and 23 international organisations committed to achieving the MDGs

Natural capital

Natural resources that, if appropriately managed, can produce a “natural income” of goods and services (natural assets)

examples: forests, fisheries

Natural income

flow of goods and services produced by natural capital

examples: timber, fishes

Value of the Great Coral Reef

Economic

• $56 billion

• fisheries

• tourism

Intrisic (measure of the worth)

• aesthetic

• beauty

linear vs circular economy

Solid Domestic Waste (SDW)