STS Module 3

Biodiversity

degree of variation of life

Biodiversity

number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms

desert, rainforests, coral reefs

the different ecosystems on the planet

Terrestrial biodiversity

tends to be highest at low latitudes near the equator, result of warm climate and high primary productivity

Marine Biodiversity

highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest, coral triangle

Prime Meridian

0 degrees Longitude

Internationale Date Line

180 degrees Longitude

Equator

has 0 degrees latitude

8.7 million

Terrestrial species is estimated to be around?

2.2 million

Oceanic Species is estimated to be around?

1.75 million

Amount of species that have been named and catalouged

Monoculture

the lack of biodiversity

Resistance to catastrophe

Advantage of biodiversity that says higher biodiversity controls the spread of certain diseases

Food and Drink

biodiversity provides food for humans

Medicines

an advantage of drugs are derived directly or indirectly from biological sources

Resistance to catastrophe, food and drink, medicines, industrial materials, intellectual value, better-crop variation, other ecological services, leisure cultural and aesthetic values

benefits of biodiversity

overpopulation, deforestation, and global warming or climate change

Factors contributing to habitat loss

Habitat destruction, invasive species, genetic pollution, overexploitation, hybridization, climate change, human overpopulation

Threats to biodiversity

Habitat Destruction

played a key role in extinctions, especially related to tropical forest destruction

Invasive species

species that breach the natural barriers that would normally keep them contained

Genetic pollution

uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping

Overexploitation

occurs when a resource is consumed at an unsustainable rate

Insects

Highest number of species

Virus

Lowest number of species

Endemism

The principle criterion of biodiversity

5000 species

How many endemic species does a country need to have to qualify as mega-diverse

Mega-diverse countries

countries that harbor the majority of the earth’s species

Mega-diverse countries

they are found in the tropics or the areas that surround the equator

7100 islands

Number of islands in the Philippines

9250 vascular plant species

Amount of endemic plants in the Philippines

1000

Species of orchids in the Philippines

150

Species of palms in the hotspot

6091

Number of endemic plant species in the Philippines

durian, mapolo, pili, bignay

Endemic fruit trees in the Philippines

70

percentage of orchids that are restricted to the hotspot

Vertebrates (Birds)

over 530 bird species live in the philippines about 185 of these are endemic and 60 are threathened

Philippine Eagle

the second-largest eagle in the world

Papua New Guinea’s Harpy Eagle

largest eagle in the world

100-300

Number of Philippine eagles in the wild

They are large, easily seen

They are trapped for pets or food

Their habitat has been destroyed

They are restricted to one or two islands

Causes of endangerment of birds

Mammals

There are 165 mammal species over 100 of these are endemic

Tamaraw

largest and most impressive of the mammals in the Philippines

Tamaraw

a dwarf water buffalo that lives only on Mindoro Island

20

Number of tamaraws roaming in the wild today

Tamaraw

one of the ten most endangered species in the world

Palawan mouse deer

world’s smallest hoofed mammal that is located in Palawan

Pilandok

stands only at 40 centimeters

golden-capped fruit bat

the world’s largest bat

Philippine bamboo bat

smallest bats in the world

Philippine bamboo bat

four centimeters in length

Negros naked-backed fruit bat

recently rediscovered bat that was thought to be extinct

Philippine Tarsier

got its name from its elongated tarsus bone found in the islands of Samar, Leyte, Bohol, and Mindanao

Palawan bearcat

Neither a bear nor a cat

Dugong

the only herbivorous marine mammal

Reptiles

reptiles about 235 species, 160 of which are endemic

Philippine flying lizards

these lizards have a flap of skin on either side of their body, which they use to guide from trees to the ground

freshwater crocodile

considered the most threatened crocodilian in the world

Lolong

Named after Ernesto Goloran Conate

Varanus mabitang

only the second monitor species know in the world to specialize on a fruit diet

Panther flying frog

has special adaptations for gliding including extra flaps of skin and webbing between fingers and toes to generate lift during glides

Philippine flat headed frog

one of the world’s most primitive frog species

Fresh water fishes

more than 280 inland fish, more than 65 endemic species

tawilis

freshwater sardine found only in Taal Lake

Tamban

saltwater sardine

Maliputo

was actually a trevally or talakitok

Butanding

whale shark that visit the waters of Donsol, a town in Sorsogon Province

Ovoviviparous

females produce live offspring from eggs hatched in the uterus

Dwarf Goby

world’s smallest freshwater fish, measures 1.2 centimeters

Sinarapan

world’s smallest commercial fish, only slightly larger than the dwarf goby

Invertebrates

-21,000 recorded insect species are found only in this hotspot

-One third of the 915 butterflies found here are endemic

-over 110 of the more than 130 species of tiger beetle are found nowhere else

glory of the sea

Most expensive shell

Pearl of Allah

world’s largest pearl found in 1934, valued at 100 million dolars

Hotspot

biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans

Must contain at least 1500 species of vascular plants as endemics

Has to have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation

Criteria to be a biodiversity hotspot

Green, Hawksbill, Loggerhead, Olive Ridley, and Leatherback turtles

species of saltwater turtles in the Philippines

Enedemic Species

one that is only found in that region and nowhere else in the world

Indigenous Species

native to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural processes with no human intervention

Alien Species

sometimes called exotic, introduced, non-native species. Species that are transported beyond their natural range and become established in a new area

Janitor Fish, , golden apple snail, water lily, knife fish

examples of introduced alien species

CITES or Washington Convention

a multilateral treaty, drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963

Pitcher plants

locally called pitsel pitsel

Spix’s Mcaw

Only one species protected by CITES has become extinct in the wild as a result of trade since the Convention entered into force

Executive Order no. 247

Bioprospecting law

Executive Order no. 247

prescribing guidelines and establishing a regulatory framework for the prospecting of biological and genetic resources

Biopiracy

a situation where indigenous knowledge of nature, originating from indigenous people is explloited for commercial gain without permission from or without compensation to the indigenous people themselves

Patent

gives an individual or firm the right and the privilege to a limited monopoly and control to make use and sell its invention and or discovery

Copyright

exclusive right to make copies, license, and other wise exploit a literary

Soil in Iloilo

The most well known biopriracy in the Philippines

Saluyot

sold as a powder in sachet which Japanese mix in their soup

Ilang Ilang

used in therapeutic massages

Philippine Yew Tree

tree found only in Mount Pulag

Philippine Sea Snail

has been patented by Neurex, Inc. Excretes a toxin that is used for painkillers

RA 7586

National Integrated Protected Areas Sstem Act of 1992

RA 7586

This law provides for the establishment and management of protected areas in the Philippines

PD 705

Philippine Forestry Reform Code

temperature, rainfall, soil, and altitude among others

Factors that influence biodiversity

Tropics or Tropical Region

Most Megadiverse countries are found where?

Durian, Mabolo, Pili, Bignay

Endemic Fruit trees in the Philippines

Philippine Spotted Deer

World’s rarest mammal living in the dwindling forest of Panay Island

Panther Flying Frog

has special adaptations for gliding, including extra flaps of skin and webbing between fingers and toes to generate lift during glides