Fat fat adek vtamin

retinol, B-carotenes

What are the 2 other names for Vitamin A?

cholecalciferol

What is the other name of Vitamin D?

phylloquinones, menaquinones

What are the 2 other names for Vitamin K?

tocopherol

What is the other name for Vitamin E?

Vitamin A

This vitamin is also known as retinoids; generally used to a group of compounds possessing biological activity of all-trans retinol.

Contains a beta-ionone ring (methyl substituted cyclohexenyl ring) and polyunsaturated side chain (two isoprene units with four conjugated double bonds).

Retinol esters

This form of vitamin A occurs in foods of animal origin.

Carotenes

This form of vitamin A occurs in plant foods as provitamins.

Retinal

This form of vitamin A is required for normal and color vision.

Retinol

This form of vitamin A is required for reproduction and growth; required for differentiation and function as steroid hormone.

Retinoic acid

This form of vitamin A is required for the synthesis of glycoproteins or mucopolysaccharides; can also act as steroid hormone as it promotes growth and differentiation.

True.

Retinol and retinoic acid are involved in regulation of gene expression.

T or F?

1. porphyropsin (red)

2. iodopsin (green)

3. cyanopsin (blue)

3 light-sensitive pigments present in cones of the eyes:

11-cis retinal

Porphyropsin, iodopsin, and cyanopsin all contain this compound.

Nigh blindedness

This condition caused by Vitamin A deficiency is characterized by loss of night vision.

True.

Vitamin A deficiency causes defective growth of bone and nerve and tooth formation.

T or F?

Hyperkeratosis

This condition caused by Vitamin A deficiency affects the lining of the respiratory and reproductive tract; mucous secretion by salivary and lacrymal glands is also affected.

Xeroderma

This condition caused by Vitamin A deficiency gives rise to characteristic toad appearance due to keratin deposition in the skin.

Vitamin D

This vitamin is also called sunshine vitamins; considered to be a secosteroid (one of its four rings is broken).

Contains 3 intact rings (A, C, and D) with a break between carbons 9 and 10 in the B ring.

ergocalciferol

What is the other name for Vitamin D2 (active form of vitamin D)?

cholecalciferol

What is the other name for Vitamin D3 (active form of vitamin D)?

Calcitriol (1,25-dihydrocholecalciferol)

This is the most active form of vitamin D that acts as a steroid hormone.

micelle

Vitamin D is absorbed from a ____, in association with fat and with the aid of bile salts, by passive diffusion into the intestinal cell.

vitamin D-binding protein (DBP)

Vitamin D can be transported by chylomicrons or may be transferred from the chylomicron to?

1. stimulates gene expression or gene transcription

2. regulates plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus

What are the 2 main metabolic roles of Vitamin D?

calcium and phosphate

Major action of calcitriol is to increase absorption of ____ and ____ in the intestine particularly in duodenum and jejunum.

osteocalcin

Calcitriol is required for bone formation and mineralisation of bone. It increases synthesis of _____, a calcium-binding protein of bone which is involved in the deposition of calcium salts in bones.

kidney

Calcitriol affects calcium and phosphorus excretion by which organ?

It reduces the excretion of calcium and phosphorus.

True.

Vitamin D is involved in maintenance of normal muscle tone.

T or F?

immunoregulatory hormone

Calcitriol is an _______ hormone. It stimulates cell-mediated immunity and plays a vital role in monocyte/macrophage activation.

Rickets

This condition caused by Vitamin D deficiency is characterized by soft bones leading to deformities in the skull, chest, spine, legs, and pelvis.

Osteomalacia

This condition caused by Vitamin D deficiency is mostly seen in pregnant women and women with inappropriate diets; skeletal pain is an early sign, along with deformities of ribs, spine, pelvis, and legs.

Osteoporosis

This condition caused by Vitamin D deficiency affects old people because photolysis of provitamins decreases with age; this and together with decreased sex hormone production may lead to deficiency.

Symptoms are bone pain and porous bones; bone fractures are common.

Vitamin D

This vitamin is the most toxic of all vitamins as it deposits calcium in organs and arteries, and also causes kidney stones.

Vitamin E

This vitamin is chemically known as tocopherol; derivatives of tocol or 6-hydroxy chromane ring with phytyl side chain.

Alkaline sensitive and vitamin activity is destroyed by oxidation.

alpha-tocopherol

Among all tocopherols, _____ is the most potent and widely distirbuted in nature.

bile salts

Dietary tocopherols are absorbed in small intestine in the presence of?

lymph

Absorbed tocopherols are incorporated into chylomicrons in mucosal cells of intestine and enters circulation via?

lipoprotein lipase

In the plasma, tocopherols are released from chylomicrons by which enzyme?

Liver

This organ takes up half of tocopherol and it is stored.

Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue also stores vitamin E.

beta-lipoprotein

From the liver, tocopherols are transported to other tissues in?

chain-breaking antioxidant

Alpha-tocopherol in cell membrane and cytosol functions as _____; it is present in high conc. in tissues which are exposed to high O2 pressure like erythrocytes, lungs, retina, etc.

1. maintenance of muscle tone

2. synthesis of hemeproteins

3. prevents dietary vitamin A and carotenes from oxidation

What are the 3 main functions of vitamin E?

Vitamin K

This vitamin is chemically known as quinones.

Vitamin K1

This is also called phylloquinone and is the major form of the vitamin found in plants, particularly in green leafy vegetables.

Vitamin K2

This is also called menaquinone and is the form of vitamin K present in animals and synthesized by intestinal flora.

True.

Vitamin K of dietary origin is absorbed in the small intestine and in presence of bile salts.

T or F?

chylomicrons

In mucosal cells of intestine, the absorbed vitamin K is incorporated into?

True.

Vitamin K reaches the liver after entering circulation through the lymph. Liver then distributes vitamin K to other tissues.

T or F?

False. It rarely accumulates in liver and peripheral tissues.

Vitamin K often accumulates in the liver and peripheral tissues.

T or F?

1. prothrombin (factor II)

2. cothromboplastin (factor VII)

3. factor IX

4. factor X

Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of blood clotting factors like (4):

gamma-carbon

Vitamin K is required for the carboxylation of the _____ atom of glutamic residues of blood clotting factors.

gamma-carboxylation

The ____ activity of vitamin K generates calcium binding sites which is essential for blood clotting process.

Hemmorhage

This is caused by Vitamin K deficiency wherein there is uncontrolled bleeding through the nose (epitaxis) and GI tract is likely to occur.

However, it can be treated successfully with intramuscular injections of vitamin K.

False. It rarely occurs.

In adults, vitamin K deficiency often occurs.

T or F?

True.

Prolonged use of antibiotics may cause vitamin K deficiency due to elimination of intestinal flora.

T or F?