exam 2 common names

benzaldehyde

formaldehyde

acetophenone

acetone

quinone

a,b-unsaturated ketone

benzophenone

acetic acid

acetyl chloride

acetic anhydride

ethyl acetate

acetamide

acetonitrile

naming ester

name as acid= drop -ic acid, add -ate

R=O-OR’—> R’ goes in front as a separate word

naming amides

name as acid

drop -oic acid, add -amide

and R groups on N, then add as N-alkyl to prefix

name nitriles

name as acid

drop -ic acid, add nitrile

order of acidity

acid chloride, anhydride, ester (RCOOR’), amide (RCONR2, R-NH or NH2), salt (RCOO-)

This order is based on the stability of the leaving group and the ease of nucleophilic attack.

• Acid Chlorides are most reactive due to the highly electronegative chlorine atom, which makes it a good leaving group and facilitates nucleophilic attack.

• Acid anhyrdide are moderately reactive, with the leaving group being an acyl group (RCO-).

• Esters are less reactive than anhydrides, as the leaving group is an alkoxide (RO-) which is a weaker base than an acyl group.

• Amides are the least reactive, with the leaving group being an amine (NH2) which is a poor leaving group due to its basic nature.

functional group priority

c. acid

c. anhydride

ester

acid chloride

amide

nitrile

aldehyde

ketone

alochol

thiol

amine