Sugars Finals CLSC300

With reference to the incident of Horatius Concles on the Pons Sublicius, who was the enemy?

The Etruscans

What is pudor? What role did pudor play in the battle between Horatius Cocles and his foes?

Pudor is "Shame" or it can be "Modesty." It drove two noblemen to assist Horatius, and also drove the Etruscans to attack.

Why did Horatius Cocles pray to Tiberine Pater? What is particularaly significant about the Tiberine part of this? What is particularaly significant about the pater part of this?

To ask for his benevolence as he crossed it. Horatius prays to the river out of respect, he does not assume that it will save him, but asks for it to. It establishes the importance of River in Roman culture and spirituality, and fathers as patriarch of the pietas, the cornerstone of social organization

How was Horatius Cocles rewareded for his heroism? What does this tell us about Livy's view of ancient Roman values?

With land and a statue. He was given as much land as he could plow in one day, this displays the value in farming and hard work that permeates Roman values.

What three factors shaped the class system of ancient Rome?

Wealth, Freedom (Or lack of it), Roman citizenship (Or lack of it)

How is civitas (Citizenship) like Dominium or proprietas (Property, proprietorship)?

Civitas is the right of citizenship, a bundle of rights and obligations. Property is also a bundle of rights

What Roman citizenship rights did non-Roman italians not have? How did this situation change after 88 B.C.? Why did it change

They could not vote, nor participate in government. After the Social War, law offered full citizenship to Italian communities who did not revolt

What do patricii(Patricians) and plebs or plebeii (Plebeians) mean?

Patrician's were male members of wealthy families who held office; plebs were all other citizens

How did one become a patrician in early Rome? How could a family become a patrician family in Rome during the period of the Late Republic?

First 100 men appointed by Romulus as senators and their descendants became the patrician class. If someone finishes the cursus honorum and becomes a consul and attained a magistracy he would be a Novus Homoa and his family may be moved up to patrician

Who were the nobiles

member of family that had received consulship. A tern indicating social rank

How did the class of equites ("Cavalrymen" or "Knights") arise?

Term coined for wealthy men who could support a horse for the battlefield, but never got involved in politics; mostly concerned with business --non senatorial men

Who were the publicani?

Private businessmen that make money through bidding on and securing government contracts. They kept the money not used by the end of the project.

why could senatores not be publicani

because of a conflict of interest and/or a division of their time pursuing trade, business, or industry instead of their political careers

after ca. 100 B.C., how did one qualify for membership in the ordo equester, (The equestrian Order)? How at this time did one qualify for membership in the ordo senatorius (The senatorial order)?

Equester: 400,000 sesterces of land

Senatorius: 800, sesterces of land

what was Cicero's argument against democracy

the ignorance and rashness of the masses would make clear and effective action impossible

what was the ancient Roman definition of justice, according to the Digest of Justinian?

The constant and unceasing determination to grant every man his rights. Love honestly, injure no one, and grant each man his rights.

What was Roman policy regarding corporal punishment for offenses against the law?

It was only appropriate for lower classes. The lower the more gruesome-- higher classes faced fines and exile

When did the legal distinctions between honestiores and humiliores arise? In what historical context? Who were honestiores?

Distinctions arose during punishment for lesser crimes, such as stealing minor objects from temples during the day or in cases where people were accused of violating sepulchers. During the Principate is when legal classifications show up to differentiate the status during criminal jurisdiction. Members of senatorial equestrian orders, officials, officer, those who are and/or have the potential to hold nay kind of public office, were Honestiores

What is pietas

ability/willingness to fulfill all inborn obligations to family, citizens, neighbors, city, and gods.

What is Fides?

Social contract of reliability, to do something in "Good faith"

How was being a citizen of an ancient state like being a member of an extended family?

The social low of pietas dictated rulers to be considered father-like figures and those they ruled, their children.

What does pater patriae mean?

Father of the father land

Who was the pater patriae

refers to the emperor

What does the meaning of pater patriae imply about the man who holds this title, and his relationship to the state and to the people

He is to rule like a father, caring and providing for his children (Citizens) and they are to obey him

What is a cliens?

Client, someone that recieves aid from the patronus

What is a patronus

a patreon

What does clientela mean

to have clients

How did patrons in ancient Rome benefit from having clients?

Clients owed officium to return the favor. For example, they could work as a part of the patron's entourage which made him look important, Help him campaign when running for office.

How did individual clients in ancient Rome benefit from having patrons?

Through beneficium, clients received gifts, land, jobs, etc. Sometimes it was even an invitation to a banquet or speaking on their behalf in court

How did the Romans and their client-kings benefit from their patron-client relationships

Poman people would benefit through public works projects, temple erections, etc. and client-kings would often gain their positions through this system

Why do you think Dionysius of Halicarnassus attributed the origin of the Roman patronage system to Romulus

He is a prominent historical figure and considered the first true ruler, so since patronage is so deeply embedded in their culture, it is unfathomable that it was ever any different.

What is the salutation

When clients go to their Patron's atrium to greet them and get a debriefing of the day's agenda

what were examples of the downside of being a client in ancient Rome

Clients were at the mercy of their patrons who can and may snub them for merely feeling as though they are not being properly respected. The general dependency of livelihood on another person.

What is a centuria

Group of 100 men; division of militia-->army

What is the comilita centuriata

Most important. Citizens gathered in their centuries voting on most important laws and magistrates (Consuls, praetors,a nd censors). All Roman citizens met on Campus Martius. Divided by property value and age.

What is tribus?

Division of centuries into voting units based on geographic considerations (ie place of origin or ancestor's place of origin).

What is the comitia tributa?

(35) voting people assembled into tribes. Met in the Roman Forum. Voted on questors, pontifexes, aediles (districts and localities).

Why was the Comitia Centuriata required by law to convene in the Campus Martius and not in the Forum as the Comitia Tributa did?

The Comitia Centuriata had to convene outside the walls because of its military origins and it was unlawful for the army to assemble within city limits.

How is the Concilium Plebis like the Comitia Tributa?

Both were divided into 35 tribes and met in the Forum, as well as voting for their type of aediles

How are the Conclilum Plebis and the Comitia Tributa different

A meeting of the plebs is a concilium, while a meeting of all people is a comitia. Tribunes do not summon patricians, nor present them any motions requiring a vote.

What is the difference between a lex and a plebiscitum

A lex comes from the populus while a plebiscitum is from the plebians only. Patricians did not have to adhere (Because htey had no vote) until Quintus Hortensius declared otherwise

Who had the right to propose a law

Legislation was initiated by a magistrate

who discussed the laws that had been propsed before they were submitted to a vote?

it was then discussed by the Senate before taken to one of the assemblies for a vote where there was no discussion

in out own legislatures, committees discuss and amend bills before submitting them to vote of the legislative body as a whole; in ancient Athens, the council would enact preliminary decrees and then submit them to the assembly, a practice they called probeuleusis; why does something like probouleusis become necessary in the course of the development of most governments

allows for laws to be enacted, but also provided time for debate and decision making of the official details of the legislation

why did Marcus Tullius Cicero disapprove of contiones?

He complains that people are too loud and rowdy and that the issues were being decided unofficially which underminded the tradition voting structure. Conservatives had little control over these congregations as opposed to traditional voting congregation.

what was Cicero's opinion of the common people of Rome and Greece?

He thought them uneducated and uable/unqualified to discuss the legislation proposed to be voted on, citing sitting down as a large flaw.

How did one become a member of the Roman Senatus?

Members were automatically elected when they gained their magistrate position and it is a lifetime position.

Once a man in ancient Rome became a senator, for how long would he typically remain a member of the Senate?

There were no term limits on senatorial positions, but members had to maintain eligibility qualifications.

On what basis was is possible to expel a man from the senate?

Corruption, abuse of capital punishment, or the disregard of a colleagues veto, consitutional precedent or the auspices and refusing to obey certain laws. Largely, though, the censors focused on ensuring that all members remain qualified for their position.

How many members did the Roman Senate have during most of the Republican period?

300 wealthy men.

Did most Roman magistracies have a one-year term?

Yes

What exception were there for the Roman magistracies one year term limit?

Praetors and consuls could be calle dupon to command an army legions or in times of crisis a dictator could be elected (6 month term).

What are the advantages of limiting one's magistrates to one year terms?

Flexibility with quickly changing magistrates to meet new crises.

What are the disadvantages of limiting one's magistrates to one year terms?

hindered long term planning

What are the functions, civil and or military, or a quaestor?

Inquire about public finances, public auditor, oversees/investigates public expenses

What are the fuctions of an aedile

look after sacred and private buildings (All infrastructure) and enforces regulations on public movement and/ or commerce.

What are the functions of a censor

Judgement/rating of citizens; keeps track of them (must have served as a consul).

What are the functions of a praetor?

make and enforce laws, legal officials, presides over people with legal expertise and authority

What are the functions of a consul?

Military generals- command armies. Presides over the senate and certain trails. Evokes electoral assemblies.

What are the functions of a military tribune?

Commanders within the military

What are the functions of a tribunus plebis (Plebian tribune)?

Protect plebians from violence. Intermediary between plebians and patricians. Can advocate for individual citizens.

What are the functions of a dictator (Also callled magister populi)?

Appointed by consul when emergency called for one. Supreme power over equites (Cavarymen) and over people

What happened to most of the duties of the king in Rome after 509 B.C.

Royal power: the consuls assumed many of the duties of the king after the monarch was expelled.

Who were the opimates

larger and conservative part of the senate

who were the populares

politicians who sought the support of the common people by catering to their demands

What sort of things might a Roman do to campaign for public office?

Bribery/buying votes, painting on walls of buildings, make connections, establish a broad base of support, keep a high profile, and promise everyone everything, calling on their clients to support their campaign, allowing oneself to be held accountable in the future for favors, flaunt attendants, flatter and know the common people (By name) and display highly capable public speaking

what is the cursus honorum?

Sequence of public officials and magistrates

what is a novus homo

first person/ individual in a family line to qualify or become part of the senate. Never had a consul in their rank.

Who would resent a novus homo

old enatorial families harbored resentment for them and often closed ranks against them to avoid their public arena from being "Invaded"

How many tribus were there in early Rome?

3

How many tribus were in Rome by the end of the Republican period

35

What, according to Cicero in "An Essay About Duties 2.24.85," is something that any magistrate out to refrain from doing?

Passing/ supporting agraria and debt laws. Redistributing public land from wealthy squatters to the poor. Cancellation of debts/ high interest rates

What were the purposes of the fasces that the attendants of a Roman magistrate carried?

The more you have, the higher the rank. They were a bundle of rods used ot punish men by beating them. Symbol of authority

When Aulus Hostilius Mancinus brought a charge of assault against the prostitute Manilia, to whom did Manilia appeal for a veto of the accusation?

She appealed to the tribunes of the plebs

Why did Gaius Julius Caesar arrange for his daughter Julia to marry Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in 59 B.C.

The marriage was intended to strengthen the ties between the two men.

Did Romans often spend large amounts of money in order to get people to vote for them

Yes, bribery was very large scale and highly common.

How did a Roman compensate an advocate for his assistance in legal process?

They had a rewards of prestige

How does the political campaigning that Quintus Tullius Cicero describes resemble political campaigning today?

Elections were held every year, campaigns were expense, and bribery was more apparent back then than it is tody

What was the duty of a nomenclator

A slave to a politician whose duty was to memorize names and identify people

How do the political graffiti found in pompeii make their case for particular candidates

They were political campaign posts that promoted a candidate or smeared the other

What is significant about the Duodecim Tabulae, the "Twelve Tables"

First written code of Roman law

What was the difference between the praetor urbanus and the praeto peregrinus

Urbanus- aobut administration of justice in the city

pregrinus-dealth with legal cases concerning FOREIGNERS

Technically, could the Roman Senate pass a lex (a law) by itself?

No

What is a senatus consultum

advice of the senate that came to have the same weight of law

During the period of the pepublic, who governed Roman provinces?

Governors who were the commanders of the troops stationed in the province

Why were the common people mostly content most of the time with the senator controlling as much as they did

They did not change the internal structure of the provinces government or send in Roman overlords

What were the responsibilities of the praefectus urbi or praefectus urbis (Urban prefect)

appointed by the emperor for a year or two, and had supreme jurisdiction over the city of Rome. Acted as chairman of the senate and was chosen for the highest senatorial rank.

How did freedom of speech change under the Roman emperors?

In the imperial period, emperors had to assume complete control to maintain peace and end the turmoil, so speech was restricted.

To the Roman Jurists, what was aequitas ("Equity") and how were people involved in the law supposed to pursue it?

Justice/ fairness. Interpretation must consider the spirit or content, as well as the letter of the law

According to Salvius Julianus, what should Roman judges do when they encounter legal situations where there are no written statues that can be applied?

Custon sometimes must have the force of statute.

How did the primary concern of the Roman armed forces change between the early Principate and the later Principate?

in the later principate, Roman forces were more focused on defending the border of the empire.

What was the Pax Romana

Peace, a state of order, regularity, and order

did the Romans expand their empire most during the years of the Republic or during the yuears of the principate?

During the republic

Where did the allies and auxilaiary troops in the Roman army come from?

People that were conquered by teh Romans

According to Shelton, what were the disadvantages for the Romans of having the armed forces consist of a property owning citizen militia

Fewer men were eligible for service, more slaves who were captives worsened unemployment rates

Approximately how many men would have been in a Roman legion? a Roman legion consisted of how many centuries? Of how many cohorts

4,000-5,000 men per legion, 60 centuries of about 80 men.

In the Roman Army, what was a legatus?

High ranking Roman military officer

How did the Roman battle array resemble the phalanx

a body of troops or police officers standing or moving in close formation