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second red scare

Widespread fear of communist infiltration in U.S. government and society; led to investigations, blacklists, and loyalty programs.

Loyalty Review Board

Truman program to investigate federal employees for communist ties; could dismiss workers without clear evidence (contrast: internal executive branch screening vs. public congressional investigations like HUAC).

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

Congressional committee that investigated suspected communists, especially in Hollywood; led to blacklisting (contrast: HUAC = legislative investigations, public hearings).

Alger Hiss

State Department official accused of spying for USSR; convicted of perjury (not espionage), fueling anti-communist fears.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Married couple executed (1953) for passing atomic secrets to the USSR; most dramatic espionage case of the era.

Joseph McCarthy/McCarthyism

Senator who made unproven accusations of communist infiltration; symbolizes reckless anti-communist hysteria and fear-based politics.

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

Provided WWII veterans with education, housing loans, and unemployment benefits; expanded middle class and college access.

Baby Boom

Surge in birth rates after WWII; led to increased demand for housing, schools, and consumer goods

Levittown/Suburbs

Mass-produced suburban housing developments;

Sun Belt

Southern and western states with population growth due to defense spending, air conditioning, and job opportunities