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Frontal Lobe

Region of the cerebrum for motor control, planning, and personality.

Parietal Lobe

Region of the cerebrum for somatosensory processing.

Temporal Lobe

Region of the cerebrum for hearing, memory, and language.

Occipital Lobe

Region of the cerebrum for vision.

Insula

Deep lobe of the cerebrum responsible for taste.

Thalamus

Main sensory relay center of the brain (except for smell).

Hypothalamus

Diencephalon region responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

Epithalamus

Contains the pineal gland which produces melatonin.

Midbrain

Brainstem region for visual/auditory reflexes (superior/inferior colliculi).

Pons Brainstem region responsible for respiratory adjustments.

Medulla (Oblongata)

Brainstem region for vital centers (heart rate, BP, breathing).

Cerebellum

Brain region for balance, posture, motor coordination, and motor learning.

Choroid Plexus

Specialized structures that produce Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).

Limbic System

System responsible for emotion and memory.

Reticular Formation

System responsible for consciousness and muscle tone.

Vagus Nerve (X)

Cranial nerve for parasympathetic control of heart/lungs/GI; voice and swallowing.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The system of motor neurons that innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (involuntary).

Preganglionic Neuron

The first neuron in the ANS pathway; its cell body is in the CNS and its axon extends to a ganglion.

Postganglionic Neuron

The second neuron in the ANS pathway; its cell body is in the ganglion and its axon extends to the effector.

Sympathetic Division

The "Fight

Parasympathetic Division

The "Rest

Thoracolumbar Division

Another name for the Sympathetic division, because its neurons exit the spinal cord between T1 and L2.

Craniosacral Division

Another name for the Parasympathetic division, because its neurons exit via cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves.

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

A series of connected ganglia located along both sides of the vertebral column.

Collateral Ganglia

Ganglia located at the site where the splanchnic nerves synapse; separate from the sympathetic chain.

Terminal Ganglia Parasympathetic

ganglia located near or actually within the wall of the effector organ.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

The neurotransmitter released by all preganglionic neurons and all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.

Norepinephrine (NE)

The neurotransmitter released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

Cholinergic Receptors

Receptors that bind Acetylcholine (Nicotinic and Muscarinic).

Adrenergic Receptors

Receptors that bind Norepinephrine or Epinephrine (Alpha and Beta).

Dual Innervation

A state where an organ receives instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Autonomic Tone

The background rate of activity of the ANS; the "balance" between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

A complex network of neurons within the wall of the digestive tract that can operate independently of the CNS.